{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T14:20:34Z","timestamp":1791123634556,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]],"date-time":"2012-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Growth Differ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To generate albino lines of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">X<\/jats:styled-content>enopus tropicalis<\/jats:italic>, we injected fertilized eggs with m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s encoding zinc\u2010finger nucleases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ZFN<\/jats:styled-content>s) targeting the tyrosinase coding region. Surprisingly, vitiligo was observed on the skin of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>0 frogs that had been injected with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ZFN<\/jats:styled-content> m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s, indicating that both tyrosinase genes in the genome were disrupted in all melanocytes within the vitiligo patches. Mutation analysis using genomic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> from the skin revealed that two mosaic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>0 frogs underwent spatially complex tyrosinase gene mutations. The data implies that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ZFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced tyrosinase gene ablations occurred randomly over space and time throughout the entire body, possibly until the young tadpole stage, and that melanocyte precursors lacking functional tyrosinase proliferated and formed vitiligo patches. Several albino <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">X<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0tropicalis<\/jats:italic>, which are compound heterozygotes for biallelic tyrosinase mutations, were obtained by mating the mosaic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>0 frogs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the albino vertebrates generated by the targeted gene knockout.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]],"date-time":"2012-10-29T18:19:27Z","timestamp":1351534767000},"page":"777-784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Generation of albino <i><scp>X<\/scp>enopus tropicalis<\/i> using zinc\u2010finger nucleases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Embryology and Genetics Institute for Amphibian Biology Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University Higashihiroshima 739\u20108526 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taeko","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Embryology and Genetics Institute for Amphibian Biology Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University Higashihiroshima 739\u20108526 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Takase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Embryology and Genetics Institute for Amphibian Biology Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University Higashihiroshima 739\u20108526 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Yaoita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Embryology and Genetics Institute for Amphibian Biology Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University Higashihiroshima 739\u20108526 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2012.01357.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07470.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810475105"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.1.289-297.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/350473a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1409"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.233"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00343a003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.59.395"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2012.01355.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.3.883"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(85)90077-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00224921"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1398"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1319"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605633103"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/79951"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2010.01425.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85791-1_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362258a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2010.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.338"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03556"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071762"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1725103"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102030108"}],"container-title":["Development, Growth &amp; 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