{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:04:39Z","timestamp":1790831079816,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004462","name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POM-FBdQ 2011-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POM-FBdQ 2011-2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"7 FP EU-ITN","award":["215507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215507"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Growth Differ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbonic anhydrases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>s) are a family of widely distributed metalloenzymes, involved in diverse physiological processes. These enzymes catalyse the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to protons and bicarbonate. At least 19 genes encoding for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>s have been identified in the sea urchin genome, with one of these localized to the skeletogenic mesoderm (primary mesenchyme cells, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMC<\/jats:styled-content>s). We investigated the effects of a specific inhibitor of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>, acetazolamide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AZ<\/jats:styled-content>), on development of two sea urchin species with contrasting investment in skeleton production, <jats:italic>Paracentrotus lividus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Heliocidaris tuberculata<\/jats:italic>, to determine the role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content> on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMC<\/jats:styled-content> differentiation, skeletogenesis and on non\u2010skeletogenic mesodermal (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSM<\/jats:styled-content>) cells. Embryos were cultured in the presence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AZ<\/jats:styled-content> from the blastula stage prior to skeleton formation and development to the larval stage was monitored. At the dose of 8\u00a0mmol\/L <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AZ<\/jats:styled-content>, 98% and 90% of <jats:italic>P.\u00a0lividus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H.\u00a0tuberculata<\/jats:italic> embryos lacked skeleton, respectively. Nevertheless, an almost normal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMC<\/jats:styled-content> differentiation was indicated by the expression of msp130, a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific marker. Strikingly, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated embryos also lacked the echinochrome pigment produced by the pigment cells, a subpopulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSM<\/jats:styled-content> cells with immune activities within the larva. Conversely, all ectoderm and endoderm derivatives and other subpopulations of mesoderm developed normally. The inhibitory effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AZ<\/jats:styled-content> were completely reversed after removal of the inhibitor from the medium. Our data, together with new information concerning the involvement of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content> on skeleton formation, provide evidence for the first time of a possible role of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>s in larval immune pigment cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T10:10:20Z","timestamp":1435054220000},"page":"507-514","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Carbonic anhydrase inhibition blocks skeletogenesis and echinochrome production in <i>Paracentrotus lividus<\/i> and <i>Heliocidaris tuberculata<\/i> embryos and larvae"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Zito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology \u201cA. Monroy\u201d National Research Council Via Ugo La Malfa Palermo 153 \u2013 90146 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demian","family":"Koop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Matranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology \u201cA. Monroy\u201d National Research Council Via Ugo La Malfa Palermo 153 \u2013 90146 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.101.2.255","article-title":"Localization and expression of msp130, a primary mesenchyme lineage\u2010specific cell surface protein in the sea urchin embryo","volume":"101","author":"Anstrom J. 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