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Our previous study revealed that the Taiwanese frog <jats:italic>Odorrana swinhoana<\/jats:italic> (2n\u00a0=\u00a026) has a unique system of multiple sex chromosomes created by three sequential translocations among chromosomes 1, 3, and 7. To reveal the evolutionary history of sex chromosomes in the <jats:italic>Odorrana<\/jats:italic> species complex, we first identified the original, homomorphic sex chromosomes, prior to the occurrence of translocations, in the ancestral\u2010type population of <jats:italic>O. swinhoana<\/jats:italic>. Then, we extended the investigation to a closely related Japanese species, <jats:italic>Odorrana utsunomiyaorum<\/jats:italic>, which is distributed on two small islands. We used a high\u2010throughput nuclear genomic approach to analyze single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms and identify the sex\u2010linked markers. Those isolated from the <jats:italic>O. swinhoana<\/jats:italic> ancestral\u2010type population were found to be aligned to chromosome 1 and showed male heterogamety. In contrast, almost all the sex\u2010linked markers isolated from <jats:italic>O. utsunomiyaorum<\/jats:italic> were heterozygous in females and homozygous in males and were aligned to chromosome 9. Morphologically, we confirmed chromosome 9 to be heteromorphic in females, showing a ZZ\u2010ZW sex determination system, in which the W chromosomes were heterochromatinized in a stripe pattern along the chromosome axis. These results indicated that after divergence of the two species, the ancestral homomorphic sex chromosome 1 underwent highly rapid and diverse evolution, i.e., sequential translocations with two autosomes in <jats:italic>O. swinhoana,<\/jats:italic> and turnover to chromosome 9 in <jats:italic>O. utsunomiyaorum<\/jats:italic>, with a transition from XY to ZW heterogamety and change to heteromorphy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T20:30:33Z","timestamp":1658867433000},"page":"279-289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Highly rapid and diverse sex chromosome evolution in the <i>Odorrana<\/i> frog species complex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Taito","family":"Katsumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science Hiroshima University  Higashi\u2010Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5919-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Foyez","family":"Shams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Yanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Ohnishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine World uminonakamichi  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamoru","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus  Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si\u2010Min","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences National Taiwan Normal University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0783-3243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuuji","family":"Mawaribuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)  Tsukuba Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4686-1087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norio","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hiroshima University Museum  Higashi\u2010Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4763-1347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Ezaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3564-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikuo","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra  Canberra Australia"},{"name":"Amphibian Research Center Hiroshima University  Higashi\u2010Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001899"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0092"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199657148.001.0001"},{"volume-title":"Evolution of sex determining mechanisms","year":"1983","author":"Bull J. 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