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The ventral foregut endoderm contributed to the ventral endoderm of the gut from the pharynx to the duodenum, and to the thyroid, respiratory organ, and liver. Pre\u2010pharyngeal cells were distributed throughout the ventral foregut, with pre\u2010thyroid cells lying medially in the anterior to middle part and pre\u2010pharyngeal pouch cells lying laterally. Progenitors of posterior organs from the esophagus to the liver were found in the posteriormost quarter, with those of more posterior organs located in more posterior and medial locations. In the endoderm outside the foregut, progenitors of the liver, ventral jejunum, and extraembryonic endoderm were found, with those of more posterior organs taking more anterior locations. When cultured with somatic mesoderm, most parts of the ventral foregut endoderm showed pharynx\/esophagus\u2010like differentiation, whereas the middle part developed thyroid\u2010like follicles. The posteriormost part exhibited stomach\u2010like differentiation, as well as intestinal and pancreatic differentiation, which also appeared from the endoderm outside the foregut. It showed no or a rare appearance of a hepatic cord\u2013like structure or albumin, respectively, but often developed bile duct\u2013like Hex\u2010expressing epithelia. However, the expression of Nkx2.1 but not of Hex, which is characteristic of the pulmonary epithelium, was not observed. These endoderms are likely to be specified in almost complete accordance with their fate, except for the respiratory organ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.70025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:34:54Z","timestamp":1758069294000},"page":"430-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fate and Specification of the Ventral Endoderm in and Outside the Foregut of the Avian Embryo at 9\u201312 Somite Stage"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4399-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susumu","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, Center for Medical and Nursing Education Tokyo Women's Medical University  Shinjuku\u2010ku, Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koko","family":"Urase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, Center for Medical and Nursing Education Tokyo Women's Medical University  Shinjuku\u2010ku, Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040707"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02118-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2008.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.340305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.21.5661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.6.871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2021.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165765"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309751"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2005.00816.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"The Development of Hepatogenic Potency in the Endoderm of Quail Embryos","volume":"52","author":"Fukuda S.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Hepatic Induction in the Avian Embryo: Specificity of Reactive Endoderm and Inductive Mesoderm","volume":"63","author":"Fukuda\u2010Taira S.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Location of Pre\u2010Hepatic Cells in the Early Developmental Stages of Quail Embryos","volume":"64","author":"Fukuda\u2010Taira S.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2010.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050880104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902274106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103.4.725"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24811"},{"volume-title":"The Histology of the Fowl","year":"1974","author":"Hodges R. 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