{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:06:48Z","timestamp":1768824408916,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Disasters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The severity of the 2014\u201315 West African Ebola epidemic in Liberia was coupled with widespread misunderstanding of the virus among citizens and the proliferation of rumours. Rumour control during outbreaks is imperative to reduce the public's fears about a disease. In Liberia, a tracker system was developed to detect rumours as quickly as possible through SMS (short message service) text messaging. This study focused on assessing rumour circulation in newspapers and on radio and rumour control over time. It relied on a content analysis of SMS messages from the \u2018DeySay\u2019 tracker, print and audio communications of newspapers, and radio programmes, in the time frame between January 2014 and March 2015. The findings show that more rumours appeared in newspapers but were more likely to be overtly characterised as such on the radio. DeySay accurately predicted rumours before they appeared on the radio and in newspapers, supporting its usefulness in future health epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T11:08:44Z","timestamp":1656414524000},"page":"346-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rumour spread and control during the West African Ebola epidemic in Liberia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Monique Mitchell","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chairperson in the Department of Communication Michigan State University  United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Skylar","family":"Lisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPH (Master of Public Health) Student at the Milken Institute School of Public Health George Washington University  United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Rimal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chairperson in the Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins University  United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamah","family":"Kamlem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPH Student at the Milken Institute School of Public Health George Washington University  United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hina","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPH Student at the Milken Institute School of Public Health George Washington University  United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilakshi","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPH Student at the Milken Institute School of Public Health George Washington University  United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","unstructured":"ACAPS (Assessment Capacities Project)(2015)Ebola Outbreak Liberia: Communication: Challenges and good practices. December.https:\/\/www.alnap.org\/help-library\/ebola-outbreak-liberia-communication-challenges-and-good-practices(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2015.56.496"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","volume-title":"Information Management and Communication in Emergencies and Disasters: Manual for Disaster Response Teams","author":"Arroyo Barrantes S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14321\/jwestafrihist.5.1.0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/267297"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(2016) \u2018Case counts\u2019. Website.http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/outbreaks\/2014-west-africa\/case-counts.html(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62382-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","unstructured":"Epstein H.(2014) \u2018Ebola in Liberia: an epidemic of rumors\u2019.The New York Review. Website. 18 December.http:\/\/www.nybooks.com\/articles\/2014\/12\/18\/ebola-liberia-epidemic-rumors\/(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810762106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274327"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0602.000201"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13662-015-0394-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","unstructured":"Iacucci A.A.(2015) \u2018Combatting rumors about Ebola: SMS done right\u2019. Internews website. 26 March.http:\/\/www.internews.org\/our-stories\/project-updates\/combatting-rumors-about-ebola-sms-done-right(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","unstructured":"Kilstein M.(2014) \u2018Fear in Liberia turns violent as a mob attacks an Ebola clinic\u2019. The World website. 18 August.http:\/\/www.pri.org\/stories\/2014-08-18\/fear-liberia-turns-violent-mob-attacks-Ebola-clinic(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.3112"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11694\/pamj.supp.2015.22.1.6598"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","unstructured":"PeacebuildingData.org(n.d.) \u2018Mass media and consumption: sources of information\u2019. Website.http:\/\/www.peacebuildingdata.org\/research\/liberia\/results\/mass-media-access(last accessed on 30 November 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp2801_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1360780418811966"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1103.040657"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","unstructured":"Smyth C.(2014) \u2018Bungling experts allowed virus to overwhelm Africa\u2019.The Times. Website. 31 December.http:\/\/www.thetimes.co.uk\/tto\/health\/news\/article4310338.ece?shareToken=3db9104a4399d9dc8426d1a6808a9f00(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","unstructured":"StatCounter(2019) \u2018Social media stats Liberia\u2019.http:\/\/gs.statcounter.com\/social-media-stats\/all\/liberia(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","unstructured":"Sun L. B.Dennis L.Bernstein andJ.Achenbach(2014) \u2018Out of control: how the world's health organizations failed to stop the Ebola disaster\u2019.The Washington Post. Website. 4 October.http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/sf\/national\/2014\/10\/04\/how-ebola-sped-out-of-control\/(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2011.01329.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","unstructured":"Turner M.M. H.Shaikh andR.N.Rimal(2016)Ebola Risk Communication Project in Liberia: Lessons in Crisis Communication. August.https:\/\/healthcommcapacity.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/GW-Report-Ebola-Risk-Communication-Project-LIberia_Lessons-in-Crisis-Communication1.pdf(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","unstructured":"USAID (United States Agency for International Development)(2011)Understanding the Media and Advertising Market in Liberia. July.http:\/\/pdf.usaid.gov\/pdf_docs\/PA00M29T.pdf(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization)(2008)World Health Organization Outbreak Communication Planning Guide.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241597449(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","unstructured":"WHO(2015) \u2018Liberia: a country \u2013 and its capital \u2013 are overwhelmed with Ebola cases\u2019. Website.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/spotlight\/one-year-into-the-ebola-epidemic\/liberia-a-country-and-its-capital-are-overwhelmed-with-ebola-cases(last accessed on 19 October 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/afraf\/adu080"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13662-016-0932-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124978"}],"container-title":["Disasters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/disa.12552","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/disa.12552","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/disa.12552","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T20:24:42Z","timestamp":1692303882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/disa.12552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/disa.12552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/disa.12552","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-3666","1467-7717"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-3666","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-7717","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}