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This study examines the nature and effect of the civil\u2010military relationships that subsequently developed between civilian and military Ebola response workers (ERWs). In total, 110 interviews were conducted with key involved actors, and the findings were analysed by drawing on the neo\u2010Durkheimian theory of organisations. This paper finds that stereotypical opposition between humanitarian and military actors helps to explain how and why there was initial cooperative and collaborative challenges. However, all actors were found to have similar hierarchical structures and operations, which explains how and why they were later able to cooperate and collaborate effectively. It also explains how and why civilian ERWs might have served to exclude and further marginalise some local actors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T07:18:10Z","timestamp":1718263090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enmity then empathy: How militarisation facilitated collaborative but exclusive exchange in Sierra Leone's Ebola response"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6470-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel T.","family":"Boland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy Associate at Chatham House  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susannah H.","family":"Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Policy, Department of Global Health and Development London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Rohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Science and Security, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Georgetown University  United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Lillywhite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Universal Health  Chatham House United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Balabanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems and Policy Unit, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00664677.2014.933090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Explaining Political Judgement","author":"6, P","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Mary Douglas: Understanding Social Thought and Conflict","author":"6, P","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Albrecht P.andP.Jackson(2009)Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone 1997\u20132007. 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