{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T05:39:05Z","timestamp":1792474745237,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021\u2010126195NB\u2010I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021\u2010126195NB\u2010I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Disasters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study explores the institutional, professional, and social responses to the gender\u2010based violence that occurred in the wake of the 2021 volcanic eruption in La Palma, Spain. Using a qualitative methodology, it analyses the perspectives of 46 stakeholders\u2014political decision\u2010makers, technical staff, and social activists\u2014acquired through in\u2010depth interviews. The findings reveal that gender\u2010based violence was initially overlooked during the crisis as emergency actions prioritised general safety and housing. The absence of gender\u2010sensitive planning increased the vulnerability of women, particularly those already at risk. Although institutional efforts were later redirected to strengthen specialised services, the system remained strained owing to inadequate coordination, a lack of specific protocols, and insufficient professional training, reflecting a reactive, fragmented, and sector\u2010specific approach. The study also highlights significant discrepancies between stakeholder groups, linked to their roles within the disaster management system. It underlines the urgent need for early\u2010stage gender mainstreaming in disaster preparedness and response, including tailored protocols, continuous training of frontline personnel, and inter\u2010institutional coordination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.70077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T05:00:11Z","timestamp":1792472411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Addressing gender\u2010based violence in disaster contexts: institutional, professional, and social responses to the 2021 La Palma (Spain) volcanic eruption"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4407-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Ar\u00e1nzazu","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University Institute on Gender and Diversity, University of Oviedo  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4493-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Fontanil\u2010G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University Institute on Gender and Diversity University of Oviedo  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7057-3611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University Institute on Gender and Diversity, University of Oviedo  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Advisory Centre  Asturias Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2962-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Sol\u00eds\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology and Psychobiology Universidad Internacional de La Rioja  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parental intimate partner violence and abuse during the COVID\u201019 pandemic: learning from remote and hybrid working to influence future support","volume":"18","author":"Alderson H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Women's Health."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJDRR.2025.105843"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/447\/1\/012012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","article-title":"Servicios de atenci\u00f3n social y sociosanitarios de La Palma","author":"Cabildo Insular de La Palma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Website."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86304-3_10","volume-title":"Sustainable Policies and Practices in Energy, Environment and Health Research: Addressing Cross\u2010Cutting Issues","author":"Caridade S.M.M.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","volume-title":"Informe sobre las actuaciones y medidas emprendidas tras la erupci\u00f3n del volc\u00e1n de Cumbre Vieja (La Palma), seis meses despu\u00e9s del inicio de la emergencia","author":"Comisi\u00f3n Mixta para la Reconstrucci\u00f3n, Recuperaci\u00f3n y Apoyo a la Isla de La Palma","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","volume-title":"La invenci\u00f3n de lo cotidiano","author":"Certeau M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2023.1180406"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5093\/apj2024a5","article-title":"Space for action and mental health of women survivors of psychological intimate partner violence","volume":"34","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010\u00c1lvarez N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anuario de Psicologia Juridica."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"G\u00e9nero y gesti\u00f3n del riesgo de desastres: an\u00e1lisis comparado de la agenda internacional y latinoamericana y caribe\u00f1a","volume":"12","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Saavedra A.G.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Gender and the Politics of Disaster Recovery: Dealing with the Aftermath","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez Saavedra A.G.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"El g\u00e9nero importa: Consecuencias de los desastres sobre la poblaci\u00f3n damnificada","author":"Fontanil G\u00f3mez Y.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","volume-title":"Salidas seguras para mujeres v\u00edctimas de violencia de g\u00e9nero en la pareja","author":"Fontanil G\u00f3mez Y.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","volume-title":"Collecting Qualitative Data: A Field Manual for Applied Research","author":"Guest G.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20976","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and mental health: lessons from the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Howard L.M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","volume-title":"Unseen, Unheard: Gender\u2010Based Violence in Disasters: Global Study","author":"IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies)","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","unstructured":"INE (Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica)(2026) \u2018Censo anual de poblaci\u00f3n 2021\u20132025. Resultados por islas y municipios. Poblaci\u00f3n por sexo y edad (a\u00f1o a a\u00f1o)\u2019.https:\/\/www.ine.es\/jaxiT3\/Tabla.htm?t=68534&L=0(last accessed on 1 October 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","article-title":"Ley Org\u00e1nica 1\/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de Medidas de Protecci\u00f3n Integral contra la Violencia de G\u00e9nero","author":"Estado Jefatura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","article-title":"Real Decreto\u2010ley 20\/2021, de 5 de octubre, por el que se adoptan medidas urgentes de apoyo para la reparaci\u00f3n de los da\u00f1os ocasionados por las erupciones volc\u00e1nicas y para la reconstrucci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica y social de la isla de La Palma","author":"Estado Jefatura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2024.103016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","volume-title":"Disasters and Violence against Women and Girls: Can Disasters Shake Social Norms and Power Relations?","author":"Le Masson V.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920937875"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221099987","article-title":"Rural and urban\/suburban victim professionals\u2019 perceptions of gender\u2010based violence, victim challenges, and safety advice during the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"29","author":"Lynch K.R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Violence Against Women."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","unstructured":"MinisteriodeIgualdad(2021)Igualdad y el Gobierno de Canarias refuerzan el apoyo en materia de violencia de g\u00e9nero a los municipios afectados por la erupci\u00f3n. Press Release. 4 November.https:\/\/www.igualdad.gob.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/NdeP_LaPalma_041121.pdf(last accessed on 1 October 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2020.00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2024.49.108.38454"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168575"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221129303","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for violence against women and girls living in conflict and natural disaster\u2010affected settings: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Murphy M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917733847"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Gender and the Politics of Disaster Recovery: Dealing with the Aftermath","author":"Panday P.K.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","volume-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science","author":"Parkinson D","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Etnograf\u00edas desde el reflejo: pr\u00e1ctica\u2010aprendizaje","author":"Pogliaghi L.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-022-00471-z"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12441","article-title":"Gender\u2010based violence before, during, and after cyclones: slow violence and layered disasters","volume":"45","author":"Rezwana N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disasters."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","volume-title":"Gender\u2010Based Violence and Layered Disasters: Place","author":"Rezwana N.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-32353-4","volume-title":"Handbook of Disaster Research","author":"Rodr\u00edguez H.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","volume-title":"The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers","author":"Salda\u00f1a J.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413387"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-021-00417-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30245-5","article-title":"Gender\u2010based violence against adolescent girls in humanitarian settings: a review of the evidence","volume":"5","author":"Stark L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004377"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis","author":"Tracy S.J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-13615-3","volume-title":"The Palgrave Handbook of Social Fieldwork","author":"Uddin N.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","volume-title":"Gender Action Plan to Support Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015\u20132030","author":"UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction), UNPF (United Nations Population Fund), and UN Women (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","article-title":"Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women","author":"UNGA (United Nations General Assembly)","year":"1994","journal-title":"Resolution."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","volume-title":"Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015\u20132030","author":"UNISDR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction)","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","unstructured":"UN\u2009Women (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)(2024)Tool 17: Gender\u2010Responsive Early Warning Systems and Early Action.https:\/\/wrd.unwomen.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-07\/Tool%2017%20-%20Gender-responsive%20Early%20Warning%20%26%20Early%20Action%20-%2015072022.pdf(last accessed on 1 October 2026)."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e504","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00088-2","article-title":"Extreme events and gender\u2010based violence: a mixed\u2010methods systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Daalen K.R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet Planetary Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221150275","article-title":"A review of intimate partner violence interventions relevant to women during the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Weeks L.E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Violence Against Women."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","volume-title":"Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non\u2010Partner Sexual Violence","author":"WHO (World Health Organization)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","volume-title":"Violence against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018: Global, Regional and National Prevalence Estimates for Intimate Partner Violence against Women and Global and Regional Prevalence Estimates for Non\u2010Partner Sexual Violence against Women","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","first-page":"NP22175","article-title":"Healthcare responses to gender\u2010based violence in Timor\u2010Leste: women want empathy, information and safety from an integrated support system","volume":"37","author":"Wild K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence."}],"container-title":["Disasters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/disa.70077","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/disa.70077","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/disa.70077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T05:00:19Z","timestamp":1792472419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/disa.70077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/disa.70077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/disa.70077","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-3666","1467-7717"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-3666","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-7717","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70077"}}