{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:55:25Z","timestamp":1777600525634,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to establish the construct validity of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>ocus on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>utcomes of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ommunication <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>nder <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ix (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>\u00a9<\/jats:sup>),a tool designed to measure changes in communication skills in preschool children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participating families' children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=97; 68 males, 29 females; mean age 2y 8mo; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content> 1.04y, range 10mo\u20134y 11mo) were recruited through eight <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anadian organizations. The children were on a waiting list for speech and language intervention. Parents completed the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ges and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tages <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Q<\/jats:styled-content>uestionnaire \u2013 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ocial\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>motional (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>) and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content> three times: at assessment and at the start and end of treatment. A second sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=28; 16 males 12 females) was recruited from another organization to correlate the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content> scores with speech, intelligibility and language measures. Second sample participants ranged in age from 3\u00a0years 1\u00a0month to 4\u00a0years 9\u00a0months (mean 3y 11mo; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content> 0.41y). At the start and end of treatment, children were videotaped to obtain speech and language samples. Parents and speech\u2013language pathologists (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLP<\/jats:styled-content>s) independently completed the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content> tool. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLP<\/jats:styled-content>s who were blind to the pre\/post order of the videotapes analysed the samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content> measured significantly more change (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01) during treatment than during the waiting list period. It demonstrated both convergent and discriminant validity against the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content> change corresponded to change measured by a combination of clinical speech and language measures (\u03ba=0.31, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FOCUS<\/jats:styled-content> shows strong construct validity as a change\u2010detecting instrument.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T07:03:59Z","timestamp":1362553439000},"page":"546-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Validation of the Focus on the Outcomes of Communication under Six outcome measure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Nancy","family":"Thomas\u2010Stonell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Oddson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Kinetics Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<i>CanChild<\/i> Centre for Childhood Disability Research McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970500302793"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000314031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2004.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2010.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2001\/013)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030701282595"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2010.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Using the ICF\u2010CY in paediatric speech\u2010language pathology","volume":"24","author":"Washington K","year":"2010","journal-title":"CASLPA Communiqu\u00e9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14417040701261525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549500701834690"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Preferred Practice Patterns for the Profession of Speech\u2010Language Pathology. 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