{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T02:24:15Z","timestamp":1772763855790,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,5]],"date-time":"2013-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore associations between developmental coordination disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content>) and ophthalmic abnormalities in children aged 7 to 8\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional analysis of data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALSPAC<\/jats:styled-content>), a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content> birth cohort, was performed. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content> was defined according to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content> criteria. Children with neurological difficulties or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content> less than 70 were excluded. Ophthalmic abnormalities including visual acuity, refraction, and binocular function were assessed using standard tests. Children who achieved less than the 5th centile in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALSPAC<\/jats:styled-content> coordination test and either failed the National Curriculum handwriting test, or achieved less than the 10th centile in the Activities of Daily Living scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADL<\/jats:styled-content>) were defined as having severe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content>, while those who scored between the 5th and 15th centiles in the coordination test and either failed the handwriting test, or achieved less than the 15th centile in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADL<\/jats:styled-content> were defined as having moderate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complete data were available for 7154 children. One hundred and twenty children (1.8%) met the criteria for severe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content>. A further 215 children had moderate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content>. Children with severe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content> were more likely to have the following: abnormal sensory fusion at near (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) (1.98 [1.13\u20133.48]) and distance (2.59 [1.16\u20135.79]) and motor fusion (1.74 [1.07\u20132.84]); reduced stereoacuity (2.75 [1.78\u20134.23]); hypermetropia (2.29 [1.1\u20134.57]) and anisometropia (2.27 [1.13\u20134.60]). The majority of children found to have both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content> and a refractive error, had been previously prescribed glasses and wore them for the assessments (71%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with severe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content> had abnormalities in binocular vision, refractive error, and ocular alignment. We recommend that children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content> be assessed for ocular abnormalities as early intervention may improve long\u2010term visual outcome. The impact of untreated ocular abnormalities such as refractive error on the accuracy of the diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCD<\/jats:styled-content> is difficult to ascertain and further work would be of benefit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,12]],"date-time":"2013-10-12T02:35:58Z","timestamp":1381545358000},"page":"164-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ophthalmic abnormalities in children with developmental coordination disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Alexandra L","family":"Creavin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Clifton Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raghu","family":"Lingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Northstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Clifton Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Clifton Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1770"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15073.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199907000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2789"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2006.00678.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1532-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2007.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.11.2.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2006.00685.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00384"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"The Movement Assessment Battery for Children","author":"Henderson S","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.1.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Standard Occupational Classification","author":"Office of Population Censuses and Surveys","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.134700"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1996.95000364.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(01)00031-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2007.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040932"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00236-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.136051"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; 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