{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T18:28:05Z","timestamp":1782930485373,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,19]],"date-time":"2013-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tourette Syndrome Association USA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only a few studies have examined the relationship between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>ourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder and socio\u2010economic status (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>). Existing studies are primarily cross\u2010sectional, arise from specialty clinics, and use single measures of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>. In this study we examine this relationship in a longitudinal, population\u2010based sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data are from 7152 children born during 1991 and 1992 in the county of Avon, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>, from the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>von <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>ongitudinal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tudy of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>arents and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hildren, who were followed up to age 13. After exclusions for intellectual disability* and autism, 6768 participants (3351 males [49.5%]) and 3417 females [50.5%]) remained. Parental <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> was assessed using multiple measures during pregnancy and at 33\u00a0months of age. Presence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>ourette syndrome or chronic tics was determined from repeated maternal questionnaires up to when the child was 13\u00a0years of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> measures were associated with an approximately twofold increased risk of Tourette syndrome and chronic tics. A postnatal composite factor score (lowest vs highest tertile odds ratio 2.09, 95% confidence interval 1.38\u20133.47) provided the best fit to the data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretations<\/jats:title><jats:p>As is seen in several childhood conditions, such as cerebral palsy and autism, lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> is a risk factor for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>ourette syndrome\/chronic tics. Potential explanations include differential exposure to environmental risk factors or parental psychopathology as a measure of an increased genetic risk leading to decreased parental <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,19]],"date-time":"2013-10-19T05:06:01Z","timestamp":1382159161000},"page":"157-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder are associated with lower socio\u2010economic status: findings from the <scp>A<\/scp>von <scp>L<\/scp>ongitudinal <scp>S<\/scp>tudy of <scp>P<\/scp>arents and <scp>C<\/scp>hildren cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Laura L","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah M","family":"Scharf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit Center for Human Genetics Research Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Department of Neurology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Ben\u2010Shlomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2001.00147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders","volume":"99","author":"Leckman JF","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328344648c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7080.547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-010-0115-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830210091012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2003.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.134841"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01837.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200106000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00325.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/c0240"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960216)67:1<107::AID-AJMG20>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Four\u2010factor index of social status","author":"Hollingshead A","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520150024013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.5.706"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-000964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1656"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011551"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; 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