{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:21:48Z","timestamp":1766269308626,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,14]],"date-time":"2014-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR 000424-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR 000424-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aims of this study were to compare, using diffusion tensor imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DTI<\/jats:styled-content>) of the brainstem, microstructural integrity of the white matter in children with achondroplasia and age\u2010matched participants and to correlate the severity of craniocervical junction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCJ<\/jats:styled-content>) narrowing and neurological findings with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DTI<\/jats:styled-content> scalars in children with achondroplasia. This study also aimed to assess the potential role of fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 on white matter microstructure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diffusion tensor imaging was performed using a 1.5T magnetic resonance scanner and balanced pairs of diffusion gradients along 20 non\u2010collinear directions. Measurements were obtained from regions of interest, sampled in each pontine corticospinal tract (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CST<\/jats:styled-content>), medial lemniscus, and middle cerebellar peduncle, as well as in the lower brainstem and centrum semiovale, for fractional anisotropy and for mean, axial, and radial diffusivity. In addition, a severity score for achondroplasia was assessed by measuring <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCJ<\/jats:styled-content> narrowing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight patients with achondroplasia (seven males, one female; mean age 5y 6mo, range 1y 1mo\u201315y 1mo) and eight age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched comparison participants (mean age 5y 2mo, range 1y 1mo\u201314y 11mo) were included in this study. Fractional anisotropy was lower and mean diffusivity and radial diffusivity were higher in the lower brainstem of patients with achondroplasia than in age\u2010matched comparison participants. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CST<\/jats:styled-content> and middle cerebellar peduncle of the participants showed increases in mean, axial, and radial diffusivity. Fractional anisotropy in the lower brainstem was negatively correlated with the degree of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCJ<\/jats:styled-content> narrowing. No differences in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DTI<\/jats:styled-content> metrics of the centrum semiovale were observed between the two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>The reduction in fractional anisotropy and increase in diffusivities in the lower brainstem of participants with achondroplasia may reflect secondary encephalomalacic degeneration and cavitation of the affected white matter tracts as shown by histology. In children with achondroplasia, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DTI<\/jats:styled-content> may serve as a potential biomarker for brainstem white matter injury and aid in the care and management of these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,14]],"date-time":"2014-05-14T07:07:16Z","timestamp":1400051236000},"page":"1085-1092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Diffusion tensor imaging of the brainstem in children with achondroplasia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Thangamadhan","family":"Bosemani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology Division of Pediatric Radiology The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 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