{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T07:54:55Z","timestamp":1784274895935,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Waterllo Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paediatric opsoclonus\u2010myoclonus syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OMS<\/jats:styled-content>) is a poorly understood condition with long\u2010term cognitive, behavioural, and motor sequelae. Neuroimaging has indicated cerebellar atrophy in the chronic phase, but this alone may not explain the cognitive sequelae seen in many children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OMS<\/jats:styled-content>. This study aimed to determine the extent of structural change throughout the brain that may underpin the range of clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine participants with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OMS<\/jats:styled-content> (one male, eight females; mean age [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>] 14y, [6y 5mo], range 12\u201330y) and 10 comparison individuals (three males, seven females; mean age 12y 6mo, [4y 9mo], range 10\u201323y) underwent magnetic resonance imaging to acquire T1\u2010weighted structural images, diffusion\u2010weighted images, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans. Neuroblastoma had been present in four participants with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OMS<\/jats:styled-content>. Voxel\u2010based morphometry was used to determine changes in grey matter volume, tract\u2010based spatial statistics to analyze white matter integrity, and Freesurfer to analyze cortical thickness across visual and motor cortices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whole\u2010brain analysis indicated that cerebellar grey matter was significantly reduced in the patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OMS<\/jats:styled-content>, particularly in the vermis and flocculonodular lobe. A region\u2010of\u2010interest analysis indicated significantly lower cerebellar grey matter volume, particularly in patients with the greatest <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OMS<\/jats:styled-content> scores. Diffusion\u2010weighted images did not show effects at a whole brain level, but all major cerebellar tracts showed increased mean diffusivity when analysis was restricted to the cerebellum. Cortical thickness was reduced across the motor and visual areas in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OMS<\/jats:styled-content> group, indicating involvement beyond the cerebellum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across individuals with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OMS<\/jats:styled-content>, there is considerable cerebellar atrophy, particularly in the vermis and flocculonodular lobes with atrophy severity associated with persistent symptomatology. Differences in cerebral cortical thickness indicate disease effects beyond the cerebellum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T10:52:47Z","timestamp":1412679167000},"page":"265-272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Cerebellar and cortical abnormalities in paediatric opsoclonus\u2010myoclonus syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Geetha","family":"Anand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology Children's Hospital Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Bridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and FMRIB Centre University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Rackstraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and FMRIB Centre University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M","family":"Chekroud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology Children's Hospital Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte J","family":"Stagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology Children's Hospital Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2009.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237723"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.1.86","article-title":"Opsoclonus\u2010ataxia caused by childhood neuroblastoma: developmental and neurological sequelae","volume":"109","author":"Mitchell WG","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-985906"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200007000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.62.9.1526"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200411000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738040190120201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Cerebellar Disorders in Children","author":"Pike MG","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.118200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(97)00031-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.01.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21961"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906424"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"AnderssonJLR JenkinsonM SmithS.Non\u2010linear optimisation. 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