{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T20:49:52Z","timestamp":1793479792923,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Program","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xvc5r05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)","award":["#1041947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1041947"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)","award":["#607407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#607407"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NHMRC Career Development Award","award":["#607315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#607315"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xjhr934","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NHMRC Practitioner Fellowships","award":["#1041892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1041892"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Practitioner Fellowships","award":["#1037449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1037449"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009745","name":"Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009745","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The epidemiology of preschool speech sound disorder is poorly understood. Our aims were to determine: the prevalence of idiopathic speech sound disorder; the comorbidity of speech sound disorder with language and pre\u2010literacy difficulties; and the factors contributing to speech outcome at 4\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One thousand four hundred and ninety\u2010four participants from an Australian longitudinal cohort completed speech, language, and pre\u2010literacy assessments at 4\u00a0years. Prevalence of speech sound disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) was defined by standard score performance of \u226479 on a speech assessment. Logistic regression examined predictors of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      within four domains: child and family; parent\u2010reported speech; cognitive\u2010linguistic; and parent\u2010reported motor skills.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At 4\u00a0years the prevalence of speech disorder in an Australian cohort was 3.4%. Comorbidity with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was 40.8% for language disorder and 20.8% for poor pre\u2010literacy skills. Sex, maternal vocabulary, socio\u2010economic status, and family history of speech and language difficulties predicted\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , as did 2\u2010year speech, language, and motor skills. Together these variables provided good discrimination of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (area under the curve=0.78).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This is the first epidemiological study to demonstrate prevalence of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      at 4\u00a0years of age that was consistent with previous clinical studies. Early detection of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      at 4\u00a0years should focus on family variables and speech, language, and motor skills measured at 2\u00a0years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T03:21:07Z","timestamp":1416280867000},"page":"578-584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":196,"title":["Speech sound disorder at 4\u00a0years: prevalence, comorbidities, and predictors in a community cohort of children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Eadie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obioha C","family":"Ukoumunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR CLAHRC South West Peninsula (PenCLAHRC) University of Exeter Medical School Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Ttofari Eecen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Catholic University Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Vic. 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