{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T06:42:44Z","timestamp":1778654564777,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]],"date-time":"2015-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003206","name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain plasticity mechanisms are probably different in children but remain poorly understood. Paired afferent stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content>) combines peripheral sensory stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content>) of primary motor cortex to induce rapid, reversible, topographically specific increases in primary motor cortex excitability suggestive of long\u2010term potentiation in adults. Our aim was to determine frequency, characteristics, age effects, and reproducibility of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content> in school\u2010age children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Typically developing right\u2010handed children (6\u201318y) were recruited. Median nerve stimulation was delivered 25ms before suprathreshold primary motor cortex stimulation (0.2Hz, 7.5min). Primary outcome was changed in the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEP<\/jats:styled-content>s) at five time points after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content> (0, 15, 30, 45, 75min) expressed as area under the curve. Reproducibility was evaluated. Secondary outcomes included stimulus response curves and safety\/tolerability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 28 children (20 males, mean age 12y), 64% demonstrated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content> effects (11 definite, seven probable). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content> effects were sustained across all time points to 75min (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.004). Stimulus response curve scores increased after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=9, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.02). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content> effect and age were not correlated. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content> was highly reproducible (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.925, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=0.283). Tolerability was favorable without adverse events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content> effects are present and reproducible in children. Pediatric <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content> paradigms appear safe and tolerable. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAS<\/jats:styled-content> may provide insight into endogenous developmental plasticity, informing future studies in children with cerebral palsy and other motor disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,31]],"date-time":"2015-01-31T04:52:48Z","timestamp":1422679968000},"page":"548-555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evaluating developmental motor plasticity with paired afferent stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Omar","family":"Damji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Keess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kirton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807307972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s13380-013-0116-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.023317"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.3.572"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805413106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3079-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00202.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-0960-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-23-07688.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.13.4.442"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.084954"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00383.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1319-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380101601205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04300.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12172"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3181a76a56"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; 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