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Antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>) has resulted in prolonged survival, leading to an increase in complications previously recognized in adults. Children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection have increased risk of cerebrovascular disease from multiple aetiologies including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010associated vasculopathy, opportunistic vasculitis, cardioembolism or coagulopathy, all of which may be secondary to the infection. Prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected children is underestimated because of limited neuroimaging in low and middle income countries, silent events without overt motor manifestations, and mislabeling as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> encephalopathy for non\u2010motor manifestations such as behavioural and cognitive difficulties. No management guidelines for cerebrovascular disease in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected children exist but common practices target risk factors for stroke in low and middle income countries. Where capacity permits, screening for opportunistic infections, vasculitis, coagulopathy and cardioembolism is important. Optimising virological suppression, correction of anaemia, control of seizures and aspirin prophylaxis are management priorities. Neurosurgical interventions may have a role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]],"date-time":"2016-02-18T21:06:25Z","timestamp":1455829585000},"page":"452-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cerebrovascular disease in children with <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u20101 infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Charles K","family":"Hammond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Eley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicky","family":"Wieselthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Paediatric Radiology Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvin","family":"Ndondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo M","family":"Wilmshurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS.Gap report. 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