{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:03:13Z","timestamp":1771232593786,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association of University Centers on Disabilities (AUCD)"},{"name":"Research Topic of Interest (RTOI)","award":["811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["811"]}]},{"name":"Research Topic of Interest (RTOI)","award":["427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["427"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICF<\/jats:styled-content>), the aim of this study was to identify effective strategies for managing urinary and bowel complications resulting from spina bifida.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Charts of 210 children between 4\u2010 and 13\u2010years\u2010old with spina bifida were reviewed to quantify medical interventions and continence status. Standardized quality of life (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QOL<\/jats:styled-content>) questionnaires were administered to a subset of participants; child and parent interviews were carried out to examine the experience of living with bowel and bladder incontinence. Practitioners were also interviewed to understand their perspectives of intervention effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chart review indicated less than half of children were continent for bowel and bladder. More variability existed in bowel continence programs, and practitioners considered bowel continence more difficult to achieve than bladder continence. No significant associations were found between continence status and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QOL<\/jats:styled-content> measures. Interviews, however, reflected how managing continence at home and school more broadly affects <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QOL<\/jats:styled-content>. Among practitioners, some focused primarily on optimizing physical health while others focused on activity and participation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>While continence is a goal, programs used to achieve this are individualized and outcomes may be affected by differential treatment effects, environmental factors, and\/or stigma experienced by children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T01:03:03Z","timestamp":1458349383000},"page":"979-988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The effectiveness of bowel and bladder interventions in children with spina bifida"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pediatrics Children's Hospital Los Angeles University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Neville\u2010Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurt A","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry Oregon Health &amp; 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