{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:24:53Z","timestamp":1786325093371,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]],"date-time":"2016-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sickle cell disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content>) is the commonest cause of childhood stroke worldwide. Magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>) is routinely used to detect additional silent cerebral infarction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>), as IQ is lower in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content> as well as stroke. This review assesses the effect of infarction on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content>, and specifically whether, compared to healthy controls, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content> differences are seen in children with SCI with no apparent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> abnormality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review was conducted to include articles with an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content> paediatric population, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> information, and Wechsler <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content>. A meta\u2010analysis of 19 articles was performed to compare <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content> in three groups: stroke vs <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>;<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> SCI<\/jats:styled-content> vs no <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>; and no <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content> vs healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean differences in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content> between all three groups were significant: stroke patients had lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content> than patients with SCI by 10 points (six studies); patients with SCI had lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content> than no patients with SCI by 6 points (17 studies); and no patients with SCI had lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content> than healthy controls by 7 points (seven studies).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content> and no apparent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> abnormality have significantly lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content> than healthy controls. In this chronic condition, other biological, socioeconomic, and environmental factors must play a significant role in cognition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,2]],"date-time":"2016-04-02T17:11:35Z","timestamp":1459617095000},"page":"672-679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Intelligence quotient in paediatric sickle cell disease: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Jamie M","family":"Kawadler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Neurosciences Institute of Child Health University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D","family":"Clayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Neurosciences Institute of Child Health University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris A","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Neurosciences Institute of Child Health University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenella J","family":"Kirkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Neurosciences Institute of Child Health University College London London UK"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Southampton Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"288","article-title":"Cerebrovascular accidents in sickle cell disease: rates and risk factors","volume":"91","author":"Ohene\u2010Frempong K","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-272682"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15412.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.6.1678"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/25.7.503"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.8.1109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040500346563"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(63)80299-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.84.6.1077","article-title":"Neuropsychologic impairment in children with sickle cell anemia","volume":"84","author":"Swift AV","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"498","article-title":"Functional outcomes of children with sickle\u2010cell disease affected by stroke","volume":"72","author":"Hariman LM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-199121000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.73.4.316"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/26.2.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22879"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.6.864","article-title":"Cognitive functioning and brain magnetic resonance imaging in children with sickle cell disease","volume":"97","author":"Armstrong FD","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880080304"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380001500510"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.116935"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"382","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in children with hemoglobin SS sickle cell disease: relationship to MR imaging findings and hematocrit","volume":"24","author":"Steen RG","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20790"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3182036f33"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ehm.10.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/27.8.739"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5471"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200007000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738060210010701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mph.0000203720.45448.ea"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060085"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738020170122401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.008721"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738050200020301"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23805"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07753.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","first-page":"419A","article-title":"Natural history of silent infarcts in children with sickle cell anemia (HbSS), abstract","volume":"94","author":"Pegelow C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.8.3014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-3057(98)80019-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-10-4029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199903)45:3<279::AID-ANA2>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200410000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.13.070193.002513"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459908994318"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200605000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2272020903"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.7.1012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.3.344"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/28.1.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198407053110102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp124"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","first-page":"455","article-title":"Brain volume in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease: evidence of volumetric growth delay?","volume":"26","author":"Steen RG","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.378"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24392"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-04-383430"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsg026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","first-page":"172","volume-title":"Sickle Cell Disease. Cognitive Aspects of Chronic Illness in Children","author":"Frank N","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040600611312"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20792"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-198808000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80103-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(85)90033-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.008348"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1999.4045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/278042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807023390102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-419879"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040600584626"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2008.005215"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-199809000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02724180"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.562"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdmcn.13113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.13113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T14:38:40Z","timestamp":1695479920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dmcn.13113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dmcn.13113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.13113","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1622","1469-8749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1622","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-02-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-03-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}