{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:49:07Z","timestamp":1770511747442,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007936","name":"International AIDS Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe upper limb motor function and level of activity and participation in children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> encephalopathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVE<\/jats:styled-content>) and bilateral lower limb (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BLL<\/jats:styled-content>) spasticity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty ambulant children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVE<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BLL<\/jats:styled-content> spasticity and 20 typically developing children, between 5 years and 12 years, were recruited. Upper limb motor function was assessed using the Purdue Pegboard and level of activity and participation using the Computer\u2010Adapted Pediatric Evaluation of Disabilities Inventory (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEDI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAT<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVE<\/jats:styled-content> group comprised 14 males and 16 females (mean age [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>] 8y 8mo [2y 2mo], Gross Motor Function Classification System (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GMFCS<\/jats:styled-content>) level I [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=10], <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=11], and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content> [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=9]) and the typically developing group comprised 11 males and 9 females (mean age 8y 8mo [2y 3mo]). The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVE<\/jats:styled-content> group had lower scores than the typically developing group for all pegboard tasks and three of the four <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEDI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAT<\/jats:styled-content> domains (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u22640.001). However, individual outcome scores varied substantially within each <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GMFCS<\/jats:styled-content> level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVE<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BLL<\/jats:styled-content> spasticity may have significantly poorer upper limb motor performance and lower levels of activity and participation than typically developing children. These findings suggest that an assessment of upper limb motor function should form part of optimal care for this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T10:55:24Z","timestamp":1472554524000},"page":"412-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["HIV encephalopathy with bilateral lower limb spasticity: upper limb motor function and level of activity and participation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Theresa N","family":"Mann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery Department of Surgery University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Orthopedic Surgery Department of Surgical Sciences Stellenbosch University Tygerberg Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten A","family":"Donald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Laughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert P","family":"Lamberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopedic Surgery Department of Surgical Sciences Stellenbosch University Tygerberg Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelleke G","family":"Langerak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery Department of Surgery University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"2013 Global Fact Sheet [Internet]","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2013"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"1994 revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age","volume":"43","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1994","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832dc041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2013.841828"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-014-0042-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Treatment, Coverage of people receiving ART, Children (0\u201014) [Internet]","author":"UNAIDS AIDSinfo","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(03)00210-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12319"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460701730024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.02045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2006.tb01313.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061266"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374417909532912"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2011.607217"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","volume-title":"PEDI\u2010CAT Version 1.3.6: Development, Standardization and Administration Manual","author":"Haley SM","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809344621"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(01)80032-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31827fb19d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.53.5.524"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832d924f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318253844b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60555-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.2.e25"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; 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