{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:36:31Z","timestamp":1793086591103,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000924","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012185","name":"Star Scientific Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Pfizer Neuroscience"},{"name":"Tourette Syndrome Association"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002337","name":"Petre Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To conduct a systematic literature review on patients with biphasic disease with herpes simplex virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content>) encephalitis followed by anti\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content>) encephalitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a case report and systematic literature review (up to 10 December 2016), focused on differences between herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content> encephalitis phases, age\u2010related characteristics of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content> encephalitis, and therapy. For statistical analyses, McNemar's test, Fisher's test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used (two\u2010tailed significance level set at 5%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010three patients with biphasic disease were identified (31 children). Latency between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSE<\/jats:styled-content> and anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content> encephalitis was significantly shorter in children than adults (median 24 vs 40.5d; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.006). Compared with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSE<\/jats:styled-content>, anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content> encephalitis was characterized by significantly higher frequency of movement disorder (2.5% vs 75% respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001), and significantly lower rate of seizures (70% vs 30% respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.001). Compared with adults, during anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content> encephalitis children had significantly more movement disorders (86.7% children vs 40% adults; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.006), fewer psychiatric symptoms (41.9% children vs 90.0% adults; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.025), and a slightly higher median modified Rankin Scale score (5 in children vs 4 in adults; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.015). During anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content> encephalitis, 84.6 per cent of patients received aciclovir (for \u22647d in 22.7%; long\u2010term antivirals in 18.0% only), and 92.7 per cent immune therapy, but none had recurrence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSE<\/jats:styled-content> clinically or using cerebrospinal fluid <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content> polymerase chain reaction (median follow\u2010up 7mo).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our review suggests that movement disorder may help differentiate clinically an episode of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content> encephalitis from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSE<\/jats:styled-content> relapse. Compared with adults, children have shorter latency between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSE<\/jats:styled-content> and anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content> encephalitis and, during anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content> encephalitis, more movement disorder, fewer psychiatric symptoms, and slightly more severe disease. According to our results, immune therapy given for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDAR<\/jats:styled-content> encephalitis does not predispose patients to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSE<\/jats:styled-content> recurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T06:43:52Z","timestamp":1493102632000},"page":"796-805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Herpes simplex virus\u2010induced anti\u2010<i>N<\/i>\u2010methyl\u2010<scp>d<\/scp>\u2010aspartate receptor encephalitis: a systematic literature review with analysis of 43 cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6395-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Nosadini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health University Hospital of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shekeeb S","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Corazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health University Hospital of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezia Maria","family":"Ruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0109-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavitha","family":"Kothur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Perilongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Chiara","family":"Frigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences Biostatistics Epidemiology and Public Health Unit University of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Toldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health University Hospital of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell C","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health University Hospital of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.2.414"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.5.891"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0941-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812471428"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000073985.71759.7C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2004.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23689"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70310-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000725"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.5.604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a9f531"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24083"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.4580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25626"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25623"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2014.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1387813"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815595079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-015-0475-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0364-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medin.2015.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010\u2010016\u20100959\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181cb0968"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303807"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812456085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"18927","article-title":"Clinical analysis on anti\u2010N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor encephalitis cases: Chinese experience","volume":"8","author":"Huang X","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.66.10.1242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0387-7604(93)90062-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(94)90014-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389501000504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15431.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8282-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1115720"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2015.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859800400304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8499-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2014.917411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","first-page":"475","article-title":"Encephalitis associated to anti\u2010NMDA receptor antibodies: a description of two cases in the child\/youth population (In Spanish)","volume":"54","author":"Casanova\u2010Gracia N","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.08.292"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550280009006379"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390173373","article-title":"Experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis: a combination therapy of acyclovir and glucocorticoids reduces long\u2010term magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities","volume":"9","author":"Meyding\u2010Lamad\u00e9 U","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3798(97)80010-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.049676"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-8-40"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161656"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdmcn.13448","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.13448","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T10:43:25Z","timestamp":1695984205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dmcn.13448"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dmcn.13448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.13448","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1622","1469-8749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1622","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-03-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-04-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}