{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:22:28Z","timestamp":1792293748481,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]],"date-time":"2017-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23\u2010NS062110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23\u2010NS062110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR000445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous research investigating outcomes after pediatric intracerebral hemorrhage (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICH<\/jats:styled-content>) has generally been limited to global and sensorimotor outcomes. This study examined cognitive outcomes after spontaneous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICH<\/jats:styled-content> in school\u2010aged children with serial assessments over 2 years after stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven children (age range 6\u201316y, median 13; six males, one female; 57% white, 43% black) presenting with spontaneous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICH<\/jats:styled-content> (six arteriovenous malformations) were assessed at 3 months, 12 months, and 24 months after stroke. The Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSOM<\/jats:styled-content>) quantified neurological outcome and Wechsler Intelligence Scales measured cognitive outcomes: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSOM<\/jats:styled-content> scales showed improved neurological function over the first 12 months, with mild to no sensorimotor deficits and moderate overall deficits at 1\u2010 and 2\u2010year follow\u2010ups (median 2\u2010year sensorimotor <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSOM<\/jats:styled-content>=0.5, total <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSOM<\/jats:styled-content>=1.5). Changes in cognitive function indicated a different trajectory; verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning improved over 24 months; low performance was sustained in processing speed and working memory. Age\u2010normed centile scores decreased between 1\u2010 and 2\u2010year follow\u2010ups for working memory, suggesting emerging deficits compared with peers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early and serial cognitive testing in children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICH<\/jats:styled-content> is needed to assess cognitive functioning and support children in school as they age and cognitive deficits become more apparent and important for function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In children with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), motor function improved between 3 months and 24 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Improvements in cognitive function were variable between 3 months and 24 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Working memory centiles declined, suggesting emerging deficits compared with peers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Processing speed improved but remained significantly below the 50th centile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Cognitive impact of ICH may increase with age in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]],"date-time":"2017-09-06T16:42:44Z","timestamp":1504716164000},"page":"1146-1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Cognitive functioning over 2 years after intracerebral hemorrhage in school\u2010aged children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Lexa K","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 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