{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:06:43Z","timestamp":1791259603937,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"Aim<\/jats:title>We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI<\/jats:styled-content>) to compare the neuroimaging of children with their first episode of clinical enterovirus 71\u2010associated transverse myelitis (EV<\/jats:styled-content>71\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content>), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody positive transverse myelitis (MOG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content>), aquaporin\u20104 antibody positive transverse myelitis (AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content>), transverse myelitis in multiple sclerosis (MS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content>), and unclassified transverse myelitis (UNC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method<\/jats:title>We performed a retrospective blinded radiological assessment and compared the neuroimaging of 52 children (32 females, 20 males; mean age 9y 8mo, SD<\/jats:styled-content> 5y 5mo, range 5mo\u201317y) presenting with their first episode of myelitis caused by EV<\/jats:styled-content>71\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> (n<\/jats:italic>=11), MOG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> (n<\/jats:italic>=10), AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> (n<\/jats:italic>=9), MS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> (n<\/jats:italic>=13), and UNC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> (n<\/jats:italic>=9).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>In the EV<\/jats:styled-content>71\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> group, lesions were distributed throughout the cord and enhancement of nerve roots (ventral and dorsal) was common. The MOG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> group had lesions distributed throughout the cord and most commonly longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and lesions involving the grey matter alone on axial scans. The AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> group had lesions distributed in the cervicothoracic spine, cavitation, and contrast enhancing lesions. All patients with AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> had an abnormal brain MRI<\/jats:styled-content> scan. The MS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> group characteristically had multiple short segment lesions of the cord involving the cervicothoracic spine. The UNC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010TM<\/jats:styled-content> group did not have distinctive spinal MRI<\/jats:styled-content> findings but had a relative paucity of lesions on their brain MRI<\/jats:styled-content> scans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Interpretation<\/jats:title>There are neuroimaging findings that are helpful in differentiating between myelitis associated with EV<\/jats:styled-content>71, MOG<\/jats:styled-content>, AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4, and multiple sclerosis in children. These features may be useful early in the presentation of transverse myelitis while awaiting infectious\/immunological testing, and\/or further demyelinating events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>What this paper adds<\/jats:title>\n\n\nMagnetic resonance imaging can help identify aetiologies for children presenting with a first episode of myelitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\nEntervirus\u201071\u2010associated myelitis lesions are distributed throughout the cord and enhancement of nerve roots is common.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\nLesions distributed throughout the cord are commonly seen in myelin oligodendrocyte\u2010associated myelitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\nAquaporin\u20104\u2010associated myelitis lesions are distributed in the cervicothoracic spine, cavitation and contrast enhancing lesions are common.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\nShort segment lesions in the cervicothoracic spine are commonly seen in multiple sclerosis\u2010associated myelitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T11:53:40Z","timestamp":1544442820000},"page":"1108-1116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging in enterovirus\u201071, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody, aquaporin\u20104 antibody, and multiple sclerosis\u2010associated myelitis in children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3414-3889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther M","family":"Tantsis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research The Kids Research Institute Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Prelog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Department The Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulay","family":"Alper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroimmunology Program Division of Child Neurology Department of Paediatrics University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Neurosciences Centre Evelina Children's Hospital Newcomen Centre at St Thomas\u2019 St Thomas\u2019 Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shekeeb S","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research The Kids Research Institute Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudarshini","family":"Ramanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research The Kids Research Institute Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Brilot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research The Kids Research Institute Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell C","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research The Kids Research Institute Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"T.Y. 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