{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:15:03Z","timestamp":1789802103190,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Centre grant G1002033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centre grant G1002033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically review and meta\u2010analyse studies of neurodevelopmental outcome of children born to mothers prescribed methadone in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched for studies published from 1975 to 2017 reporting neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with prenatal methadone exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010one studies were identified (2283 participants). Eight studies were amenable to meta\u2010analysis: at 2 years the Mental Development Index weighted mean difference of children with prenatal methadone exposure compared with unexposed infants was \u22124.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] \u22127.24 to \u22121.63), and the Psychomotor Development Index weighted mean difference was \u22125.42 (95% CI \u221210.55 to \u22120.28). Seven studies reported behavioural scores and six found scores to be lower among methadone\u2010exposed children. Twelve studies reported visual outcomes: nystagmus and strabismus were common; five studies reported visual evoked potentials of which four described abnormalities. Factors that limited the quality of some studies, and introduced risk of bias, included absence of blinding, small sample size, high attrition, uncertainty about polydrug exposure, and lack of comparison group validity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children born to mothers prescribed methadone in pregnancy are at risk of neurodevelopmental problems but risk of bias limits inference about harm. Research into management of opioid use disorder in pregnancy should include evaluation of childhood neurodevelopmental outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Children born to opioid\u2010dependent mothers prescribed methadone are at risk of neurodevelopmental impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Exposed infants have lower Mental Development Index and Psychomotor Development Index scores than unexposed children.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Atypical visual evoked potentials, strabismus, and nystagmus have increased prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Estimates of impairment may be biased by intermediate to poor quality evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T07:56:26Z","timestamp":1543823786000},"page":"750-760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Childhood neurodevelopment after prescription of maintenance methadone for opioid dependency in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Victoria J","family":"Monnelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Reproductive Health University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca M","family":"Chappell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Mactier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Royal Maternity Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3904-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James P","family":"Boardman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Reproductive Health University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.World Drug Report 2017. 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