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Criteria for HIVE diagnosis were at least two of: (1) acquired central motor deficit, (2) impaired brain growth, and (3) failure to attain or loss of developmental milestones in the absence of an alternative aetiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 133 surviving participants who initiated ART at a median age of 9\u00a0weeks and who were followed until a median age of 6\u00a0years, 20 (12%) developed HIVE at a median age 31\u00a0months (interquartile range 19\u201337). In these, the first neurological deterioration was noticed at a median age of 19\u00a0months, when 16 were on ART and nine had undetectable HIV viral load for a median of 12\u00a0months. Signs of upper motor neurons were present in 18, of whom 12 resolved and four had persistent spastic diplegia; 19 had motor delay, of whom 14 resolved; 12 had language delay, of whom 11 resolved; and 16 had impaired brain growth, of whom only five recovered. For the 16 participants already on ART at HIVE diagnosis, regimens were not altered in response to diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIVE may occur despite early ART initiation and virological suppression and then resolve on unchanged ART, most likely as intrathecal inflammation subsides.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy, children can develop human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy,<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The most common manifestations are motor deficits and impaired brain growth.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Most experience improvement, with many resolving without additional intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T01:18:34Z","timestamp":1597108714000},"page":"1309-1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Recovery of HIV encephalopathy in perinatally infected children on antiretroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-8680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Innes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Center for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU) Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Tygerberg Children's Hospital Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7260-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Laughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Center for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU) Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Tygerberg Children's Hospital Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"van 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