{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:43:05Z","timestamp":1793205785907,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Paediatric movement disorders (PMDs) comprise a large group of disorders (tics, myoclonus, tremor, dystonia, chorea, Parkinsonism, ataxia), often with mixed phenotypes. Determination of the underlying aetiology can be difficult given the broad differential diagnosis and the complexity of the genotype\u2013phenotype relationships. This can make the diagnostic process time\u2010consuming and difficult. In this overview, we present a diagnostic approach for PMDs, with emphasis on genetic causes. This approach can serve as a framework to lead the clinician through the diagnostic process in eight consecutive steps, including recognition of the different movement disorders, identification of a clinical syndrome, consideration of acquired causes, genetic testing including next\u2010generation sequencing, post\u2010sequencing phenotyping, and interpretation of test results. The aim of this approach is to increase the recognition and diagnostic yield in PMDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>An up\u2010to\u2010date description and diagnostic framework for testing of paediatric movement disorders is presented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The framework helps to determine which patients will benefit from next\u2010generation sequencing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T14:27:08Z","timestamp":1604586428000},"page":"252-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Diagnostic approach to paediatric movement disorders: a clinical practice guide"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7166-2242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rick","family":"Brandsma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martje E","family":"van Egmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina A J","family":"Tijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Groningen Movement Disorder Expertise Centre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Movement Disorders in Childhood","author":"Singer HS","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40734-018-0070-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.24-2-39"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Bradley\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice","author":"Jankovic J","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780192619112.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Parkinson Disease and other Movement Disorders","author":"Zutt R","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2017.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"823","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Sciences","author":"Ghez C","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2010.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22220"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25549"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27828"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1707928"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2019.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2019.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2012-000498"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; 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