{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:17:58Z","timestamp":1788988678240,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI17C0391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI17C0391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the efficacy of a virtual reality rehabilitation system of wearable multi\u2010inertial sensors to improve upper\u2010limb function in children with brain injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty children (39 males, 41 females) with brain injury including cerebral palsy aged 3 to 16 years (mean age 5y 8mo, SD 2y 10mo) were assessed as part of a multicentre, single\u2010blind, randomized controlled trial. The intervention group received a 30\u2010minute virtual reality intervention and a 30\u2010minute session of conventional occupational therapy while the control group received 60 minutes of conventional occupational therapy per session, with 20 sessions over 4 weeks. The virtual reality rehabilitation system consisted of games promoting wrist and forearm articular movements using wearable inertial sensors. The Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function\u20102 (MA\u20102), Upper Limb Physician\u2019s Rating Scale, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Computer Adaptive Test, and computerized three\u2010dimensional motion analysis were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both groups (virtual reality, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=40; control, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=38) significantly improved after treatment compared to baseline; however, the virtual reality group showed more significant improvements in upper\u2010limb dexterity functions (MA\u20102, virtual reality group: <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>=10.09\u00b110.50; control: <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>=3.65\u00b16.92), performance of activities of daily living, and forearm supination by kinematic analysis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). In the virtual reality group, children with more severe motor impairment showed significant improvements compared to those with less severe impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>The virtual reality rehabilitation system used in this study, which consists of wearable inertial sensors and offers intensive, interactive, and repetitive motor training, is effective in children with brain injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Both virtual reality rehabilitation and conventional occupational therapy were effective for upper\u2010limb training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Virtual reality training was superior in improving dexterity, performance of activities of daily living, and active forearm supination motion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The effect of virtual reality training was significant in children with more severe motor impairments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T23:50:35Z","timestamp":1608162635000},"page":"480-487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Virtual reality rehabilitation in children with brain injury: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-8922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ja Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Chungnam National University College of Medicine Daejeon Korea"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Eulji University Hospital Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sook\u2010Hee","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Seoul Rehabilitation Hospital Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Kunming Medical University Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Kunming Medical University Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Kunming Medical University Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dain","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beomki","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Sook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7153-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong\u2010wook","family":"Rha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-14-52"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5099-2.00001-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814533150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17518420903357753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.558047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2018.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2012-0667-3612"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2012-00804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-017-0347-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2015.56.1.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e32833ba5a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.07.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-018-9632-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/11038129809035723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14902.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"531","article-title":"Learning phenomena: future challenges for the dynamical systems approach to understanding the learning of complex motor skills","volume":"30","author":"Wulf G","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Sport Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oti.275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2012.713401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"The use of virtual reality with children with cerebral palsy: a pilot randomized trial","volume":"40","author":"Reid D","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ther Recreation J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.97"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.14762","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dmcn.14762","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.14762","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T08:11:41Z","timestamp":1693555901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dmcn.14762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dmcn.14762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.14762","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1622","1469-8749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1622","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}