{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:48:08Z","timestamp":1787014088230,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Widespread use of antiretroviral drugs for pregnant\/breastfeeding females with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has led to declining vertical transmission. Despite being HIV\u2010uninfected, the increasing number of children who are HIV\u2010exposed and uninfected (CHEU) often present with developmental alterations. We review seminal and recent evidence on the neurological development of CHEU and associations with early life HIV\/antiretroviral exposure. Our conceptual model highlights the numerous exposures and universal risk factors for CHEU developmental disorders. Early studies suggest a significant association between HIV exposure and neurological abnormalities, varying according to the burden of HIV\u2010specific exposures and other risk factors. More recent observations from the modern era are inconsistent, although some studies suggest specific antiretrovirals may adversely affect neurological development of CHEU. As the CHEU population continues to grow, alongside simultaneous increases in types and combinations of antiretrovirals used in pregnancy, long\u2010term monitoring of CHEU is necessary for understanding the effects of HIV\/antiretroviral exposure on CHEU developmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:caption>\n                          <jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title>\n                        <\/jats:caption>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>Evidence on the neurological development of children who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2010exposed and uninfected (CHEU) is synthesized.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>Comparisons are made to children who are HIV\u2010unexposed, across treatment eras and settings, and by antiretroviral drug regimens and drug classes.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>CHEU exposures are complex and include HIV\u2010specific and universal risk factors which may affect development during the early years of life.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <\/jats:list>\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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