{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:46:19Z","timestamp":1789037179880,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]],"date-time":"2021-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the breadth of pediatric neurological conditions for which neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase) were searched from 2000 to 2020, using the search terms \u2018neuromuscular electrical stimulation\u2019 OR \u2018functional electrical stimulation\u2019 with at least one of the words \u2018pediatric OR child OR children OR adolescent\u2019, and without the words \u2018dysphagia OR implanted OR enuresis OR constipation\u2019. Articles focused on adults or individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) were excluded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010five studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 353 pediatric participants (293 unique participants; mean age 7y 4mo, range 1wk\u201338y). NMES was applied in a range of pediatric conditions other than CP, including stroke, spinal cord injury, myelomeningocele, scoliosis, congenital clubfoot, obstetric brachial plexus injury, genetic neuromuscular diseases, and other neuromuscular conditions causing weakness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>All 35 studies concluded that NMES was well\u2010tolerated and most studies suggested that NMES could augment traditional therapy methods to improve strength. Outcome measurements were heterogeneous. Further research on NMES with larger, randomized studies will help clarify its potential to improve physiology and mobility in pediatric patients with neuromuscular conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:caption><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><\/jats:caption><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) appears to be tolerated by pediatric patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>NMES shows potential for augmenting recovery in pediatric patients with a range of rehabilitation 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