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Conversely, X chromosome excess was associated with weakness in working memory (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.018) and approached significance for attention problems (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.071) but not with hyperactivity, or weakness in inhibitory control relative to male children with XY. Using non\u2010parametric effect size to quantify the clinical effect revealed that X chromosome absence affected attention, hyperactivity, executive function, and processing speed (all <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>&gt;0.4), while X excess affected in\u2010laboratory as well as parent\u2010reported working memory (all <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>&gt;0.4).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our observations provide compelling evidence that the absence or excess of an X chromosome distinctly affects cognition and behaviors associated with ADHD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T05:34:44Z","timestamp":1629869684000},"page":"331-339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effect of sex chromosome number variation on attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder 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