{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:00:07Z","timestamp":1787666407617,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the epidemiology of eye diseases among children with disability in rural Bangladesh.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We established a population\u2010based cohort of children with disability using the key informant method. Children younger than 18\u2009years with disability (i.e. physical, visual, hearing, speech, epilepsy) were included. We used detailed ophthalmological assessments following World Health Organization (WHO) protocols by a multidisciplinary team including an ophthalmologist, optometrist, physician, and physiotherapist. Visual impairment, blindness, and severe visual impairment (SVI) were defined by following WHO categories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between October 2017 and February 2018, 1274 children were assessed (43.6% female; median [interquartile range] age 9y 10mo [6y \u201313y 7mo]). Overall, 6.5% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=83) had blindness\/SVI, and 5.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=71) had visual impairment. In the group with blindness\/SVI, 47% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=39) had cortical blindness; of those, 79.5% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=31) had cerebral palsy (CP). The other main anatomical sites of abnormalities in this group included lens (13.3%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=11), cornea (10.8%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=9), and optic nerve (9.6%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=8). In the group with visual impairment, 90.1% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=64) had refractive error. Overall, 83.1% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=69) and 78.8% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=56) of those with blindness\/SVI and visual impairment had avoidable causes. Most children with blindness\/SVI and visual impairment lacked access to education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>The burden of blindness\/SVI\/visual impairment is high among children with disability in rural Bangladesh, mostly due to avoidable causes. Overrepresentation of CP and cortical blindness in the group with blindness\/SVI and refractive error in the group with visual impairment highlights the need for integration of ophthalmology assessment, eye care, and refraction services in comprehensive health care for children with disability including CP in rural Bangladesh.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T10:50:17Z","timestamp":1630493417000},"page":"209-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epidemiology of eye diseases among children with disability in rural Bangladesh: a population\u2010based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3244-957X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Muhit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSF Global Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD) University of South Asia Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1480-8409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tasneem","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSF Global Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD) University of South Asia Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7077-3146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israt","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSF Global Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD) University of South Asia Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University Rockhampton QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmudul Hassan","family":"Al Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSF Global Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD) University of South Asia Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University Rockhampton QLD Australia"},{"name":"Central Queensland Public Health Unit Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service Rockhampton QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5331-9283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manik Chandra","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSF Global Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD) University of South Asia Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0661-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulam","family":"Khandaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSF Global Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD) University of South Asia Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University Rockhampton QLD Australia"},{"name":"Central Queensland Public Health Unit Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service Rockhampton QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.World report on disability [Internet].The World Bank 2011.https:\/\/www.who.int\/disabilities\/world_report\/2011\/report.pdf(accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Preventing blindness in children: report of a WHO\/IAPB scientific meeting Hyderabad. India 13\u201317 April 1999 [Internet].Blindness and Deafness Unit & International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness World Health Organization 2000.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/66663(accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.4.387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2772(01)00010-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Global measles and rubella: strategic plan 2012\u20132020 [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526518666181004092758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.3.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Global initiative for the prevention of avoidable blindness. WHO\/PBL\/97.61 [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmu031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.1.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"601","article-title":"Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in Bangladesh: a population\u2010based surveillance study","volume":"6","author":"Khandaker G","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ejpn.2001.0481"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Population and housing census 2011: national volume 2 \u2013 union statistics [Internet]","author":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.108027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmr094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0427-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Towards a common language for functioning disability and health ICF [Internet].World Health Organization 2002.https:\/\/www.who.int\/classifications\/icf\/icfbeginnersguide.pdf(accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.International Classification of Impairments Disabilities and Handicaps: a manual of classification relating to the consequences of disease[Internet].World Health Organization 1976.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/41003\/9241541261_eng.pdf(accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health [Internet].World Health Organization 2001.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42407\/9241545429.pdf?sequence=1(accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"485","article-title":"Childhood blindness: a new form for recording causes of visual loss in children","volume":"71","author":"Gilbert C","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.World Health Organization\/PBL examination record for children with blindness and low vision\u2010coding instructions and manual for data entry in epi\u2010info[Internet].World Health Organization 2005.https:\/\/www.cehjournal.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/who\u2010childhood\u2010blindness\/Coding\u2010Instructions\u2010June\u201023\u20102008.pdf(accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"SergeantESG.Epitools Epidemiological Calculators.Ausvet 2018.http:\/\/epitools.ausvet.com.au(accessed 15 August 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"NC01","article-title":"Visual function and ocular status in children with disabilities in special schools of northern India","volume":"10","author":"Kaur G","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.615"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02110-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.108019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3129\/i08-084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Severe visual impairment and blindness among children in Mbarali district, southern Tanzania: prevalence and types","volume":"29","author":"Mafwiri MM","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tanzan Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_995_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.01.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-9-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Community\u2010based rehabilitation for people with disabilities in low\u2010and middle\u2010income countries: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Iemmi V","year":"2015","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872804046253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/wber\/lhm021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e602222012-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","volume-title":"The education and employment of disabled young people: frustrated ambition [Internet]","author":"Burchardt T","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"Disability: a diversity model approach in human service practice","author":"Mackelprang RW","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1990.tb01610.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.3449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60240-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-305937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144926"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.15041","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dmcn.15041","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.15041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T13:28:33Z","timestamp":1693920513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dmcn.15041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dmcn.15041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.15041","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1622","1469-8749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1622","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}