{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:32:50Z","timestamp":1791484370128,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate sex\u2010related differences in tic severity, tic\u2010related impairments, and psychiatric comorbidities in childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cross\u2010sectional study, tic severity\/impairment and demographic factors were collected from 270 children and young people (aged 5\u201317y, mean 10y 6mo, SD 3y 4mo; 212 males and 58 females) with a tic disorder diagnosis at a specialty clinic. Psychiatric diagnoses and corresponding screening questionnaire scores were collected for attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD), major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders. Logistic regression was used to compare the effect of sex and age on psychiatric comorbid diagnoses. The Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> test and <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests were used to assess differences in questionnaire score distribution between sexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Females had more severe motor tics (12.55 vs 10.81, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.01) and higher global severity scores (38.79 vs 32.66, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.03) on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Females were less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD (odds ratio=0.48, 95% confidence interval=0.26\u20130.89). No significant sex difference was observed in diagnosis rates or symptom severity scores for anxiety or OCD. Females had significantly higher scores than males on the Children\u2019s Depression Inventory, Second Edition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>The higher level of motor tic severity and global severity in females further supports the differential natural history of tic disorders in females. Females with tic disorders may be underdiagnosed for ADHD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T10:51:31Z","timestamp":1634813491000},"page":"488-494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Influence of sex on tic severity and psychiatric comorbidity profile in patients with pediatric tic disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Girgis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary Calgary Alberta 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