{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T10:53:02Z","timestamp":1784371982330,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>AIM<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize the neurological and cognitive outcomes in children with antibody\u2010negative autoimmune encephalitis (Ab\u2010negative AE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHOD<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort of children presenting to our institution over a 10\u2010year period with autoimmune encephalitis was identified by structured retrospective review of medical records. Clinical features at presentation and final follow\u2010up were recorded. Neuropsychological testing was performed in a subset of patients. Outcomes after Ab\u2010negative AE were compared with outcomes after N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis (NMDARE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010four patients (26 females, 18 males, median age 9y 2mo [interquartile range 4y 5mo\u201311y 8mo], 23 with NMDARE) with a diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis were included. Postencephalitic epilepsy was more frequent after Ab\u2010negative AE compared to NMDARE (61% vs 14%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.002). Cognitive testing was performed in a subset of patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=21; Ab\u2010negative AE=11, NMDARE=10). Full\u2010scale IQ was lower after Ab\u2010negative AE than NMDARE (mean IQ 75 vs 92, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.02), primarily because of reduced verbal comprehension index (80 vs 98, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.01) and working memory index (77 vs 95, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.09). The cognitive function most commonly impaired was executive function (80% [8\/10] vs 22% [2\/9]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>INTERPRETATION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ab\u2010negative AE was associated with poorer cognitive outcomes than NMDARE at 1\u2010year follow\u2010up. Further studies are required to evaluate if immunotherapy can be optimized to improve outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T12:57:32Z","timestamp":1635771452000},"page":"649-653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Neurological and cognitive outcomes after antibody\u2010negative autoimmune encephalitis in children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gadian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evelina London Children's Hospital Children's Neurosciences Centre London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6704-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Eyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evelina London Children's Hospital Children's Neurosciences Centre London UK"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering &amp; 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