{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T03:52:46Z","timestamp":1781754766149,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000990","name":"Australian Catholic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review the evidence for the effects of adapted bicycle riding on body structures and functions, activity, participation, and quality of life outcomes in children with disabilities, along with family\u2010level participation outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review with searches of nine electronic databases to identify studies involving participants with a developmental disability aged 4 to 18\u2009years who used a dynamic adapted bicycle was completed in August 2021. Risk of bias was assessed based on individual study designs. A narrative synthesis integrated the findings of the included studies. Certainty of evidence was synthesized using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten studies were included with 234 participants. Five studies reported outcomes at the body structures and functions level, ten reported activity\u2010level outcomes, two reported participation\u2010related outcomes, and none assessed quality of life or family participation in social and recreational activities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adapted bicycle riding interventions may improve gross motor function, enhance lower\u2010limb muscle strength, and promote physical activity; however, certainty of evidence of effects was rated very low using GRADE. Further research is required to understand the impact of adapted bicycle riding on the participation outcomes of children and adolescents with disabilities and on family\u2010level participation in social and recreational activities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Adapted bicycle riding interventions may improve motor functions and physical activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Evidence about participation outcomes after adapted bicycle riding is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Research on adapted bicycle riding interventions in natural settings is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T16:40:01Z","timestamp":1667752801000},"page":"456-468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impact of adapted bicycle riding on outcomes for children and adolescents with disabilities: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1792-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abiramy","family":"Thevarajah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Australian Catholic University  NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8040-5053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Wallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Australian Catholic University  NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9055-3554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Imms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne  VIC Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute  VIC Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2523-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Lonsdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Positive Psychology and Education Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University  NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8290-0277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John J.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy University of Melbourne  VIC Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-2317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elspeth H.","family":"Froude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Australian Catholic University  NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Parent perspectives of barriers to child participation in recreational activities","volume":"48","author":"Schleien SJ","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Recreation J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.63.1.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.02051.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: Children & Youth Version","author":"Organization WH","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13237"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004005990503700606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Exploring family recreation activities in families that include children with developmental disabilities","volume":"34","author":"Mactavish JB","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ther Recreation J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3104\/reports.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2018-0675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01942638.2013.791915"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2012.680942"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519837582"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01942638.2020.1862384"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13668250.2015.1080352"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"The development of a functional electrical stimulation assisted cycling intervention to increase fitness and strength in children with cerebral palsy [Ph.D.]","author":"Harrington AT","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"NHMRC.How to use the evidence: Assessment and application of scientific evidence.Canberra:National Health and Medical Research Council;2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13340"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"Covidence systematic review software VHI Melbourne Australia."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","volume-title":"The Risk of\u2010Bias in N\u2010of\u20101 trials (RoBiNT) Scale: An Expanded Manual for the Critical Appraisal of Single\u2010Case Reports","author":"Tate RL","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","article-title":"Risk of bias in non\u2010randomized studies of interventions (ROBINS\u2010I): detailed guidance","volume":"355","author":"J\u00fcni P","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmed-2017-110668"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","volume-title":"GRADEpro guideline development tool [software]. gradepro. org","author":"GRADEpro GD","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16965\/ijpr.2015.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1993.tb07922.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04224-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc-2018-0053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.27.3.226"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"364","article-title":"Use of adapted bicycles on the learning of conventional cycling by children with mental retardation","volume":"42","author":"Burt TL","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educ Train Dev Disabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2020.1714979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357611428333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","volume-title":"Influence d'une activit\u00e9 cycliste dynamique adapt\u00e9e sur la fonction motrice des enfants atteints de paralysie c\u00e9r\u00e9brale (PC) Physiotherapy Department, Haute _Ecole Robert Schuman of Libramont","author":"Leblanc V TF","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"783","article-title":"The six\u2010minute walk test","volume":"48","author":"Enright PL","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23369"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.10.2.280"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","volume-title":"Clinics in developmental medicine: Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM\u201066 & GMFM\u201088) user's manual","author":"Russell D","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.10.1034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04094.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01530764"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","unstructured":"LawM BaptisteS CarswellA McCollM PolatajkoH PollockN.Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. 5th edition COPM: CAOT Publ. ACE.2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","volume-title":"Gross motor function measure (GMFM\u201066 & GMFM\u201088) users manual","author":"Russell DJ","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03899.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2047387714Y.0000000038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13959"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12809"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.15446","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dmcn.15446","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.15446","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T11:45:45Z","timestamp":1723117545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dmcn.15446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dmcn.15446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.15446","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1622","1469-8749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1622","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}