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Cognition was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition. Hippocampal volume (normalized by total brain volume) was measured from T1\u2010weighted MRI. Radial diffusivity and fractional anisotropy were measured in the MTT and fornix, from diffusion\u2010weighted MRI using deterministic tractography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>More cases than controls had mammillary body abnormalities (34% vs 0%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001). Cases with abnormal mammillary bodies had lower processing speed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.016) and full\u2010scale IQ (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.028) than cases without abnormal mammillary bodies, and lower scores than controls in all cognitive domains (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.05). Cases with abnormal mammillary bodies had smaller hippocampi (left <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.016; right <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.004) and increased radial diffusivity in the right MTT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.004) compared with cases without mammillary body abnormalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cooled children with mammillary body abnormalities at school\u2010age have reduced cognitive scores, smaller hippocampi, and altered MTT microstructure compared with those without mammillary body abnormalities, and matched controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Cooled children are at higher risk of mammillary body abnormalities than controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Abnormal mammillary bodies are associated with reduced cognitive scores and smaller hippocampi.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Abnormal mammillary bodies are associated with altered mammillothalamic tract diffusivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T15:10:22Z","timestamp":1667747422000},"page":"792-802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Mammillary body abnormalities and cognitive outcomes in children cooled for neonatal encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7869-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur P. 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