{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:34:54Z","timestamp":1793406894018,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the education and employment transition experience of young adults with spina bifida (YASB) and investigate factors associated with employment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We queried education and employment data from the US National Spina Bifida Patient Registry from 2009 to 2019. We applied generalized estimating equations models to analyze sociodemographic and disease\u2010related factors associated with employment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1909 participants (850 males, 1059 females) aged 18 to 26\u2009years contributed 4379 annual visits. Nearly 84% had myelomeningocele and, at last visit, the median age was 21\u2009years (mean 21\u2009years 5\u2009months, SD 2\u2009years 10\u2009months). A total of 41.8% had at least some post\u2010high school education, and 23.9% were employed. In a multivariable regression model, employment was significantly associated with education level, lower extremity functional level, bowel continence, insurance, and history of non\u2010shunt surgery. This large, national sample of YASB demonstrated low rates of post\u2010secondary education attainment and employment and several potentially modifiable factors associated with employment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Specific sociodemographic, medical, and functional factors associated with employment are important for clinicians to consider when facilitating transition for YASB into adulthood. Additional research is needed to understand the impact of cognitive functioning and social determinants of health on transition success in YASB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>There were low education attainment and employment rates in a large sample of young adults with spina bifida.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Specific sociodemographic, medical, and functional factors are associated with employment.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Some employment\u2010associated factors, such as continence and self\u2010management skills, are modifiable.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:08:44Z","timestamp":1668643724000},"page":"821-830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Education and employment as young adults living with spina bifida transition to adulthood in the\n                    <scp>USA<\/scp>\n                    : A study of the National Spina Bifida Patient Registry"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-061X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiebin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Monitoring and Research Branch, Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Monitoring and Research Branch, Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William O.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Medicine Seattle Children's Hospital  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Wiener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Pediatrics Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadley M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy T.","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Scottish Rite for Children  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"O'Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riley Hospital for Children  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonya R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Monitoring and Research Branch, Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Monitoring and Research Branch, Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Universal Consulting Services, Inc Consultant to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin M.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharine","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Monitoring and Research Branch, Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000056005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM\u2010170451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.05.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM\u2010190633"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018\u20102587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM\u2010170455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).https:\/\/sites.ed.gov\/idea\/topic\u2010areas\/#Secondary\u2010Transition(accessed 9\/23\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206000569"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2010.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsu017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2016.1153161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsq075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM-170466"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2018.02.3101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197355010-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780131106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Educational Attainment in the United States: 2019.https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/2019\/demo\/educational\u2010attainment\/cps\u2010detailed\u2010tables.html(accessed 9\/11\/2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"Employment Status","author":"United States Census Bureau","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.03938.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.11.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.7.PEDS09136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1311-y"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.15456","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dmcn.15456","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.15456","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T10:28:59Z","timestamp":1721298539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dmcn.15456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dmcn.15456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.15456","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1622","1469-8749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1622","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}