{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:24:41Z","timestamp":1792106681788,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Epilepsy Research Group, Srinagarind Hospital (7\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Epilepsy Research Group, Srinagarind Hospital (7\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Assistantship (AS63206)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Assistantship (AS63206)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["invitation research grant (IN 63322)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["invitation research grant (IN 63322)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the efficacy of 0, 5, and 20 sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for reducing symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010six male children with ASD (mean age 2\u2009years 3\u2009months, SD 4\u2009months, age range 1\u2009years 6\u2009months\u20132\u2009years 11\u2009months) were balanced and stratified by age, sex, and baseline severity of ASD, to: (1) a control group that received 20 sessions of sham tDCS; (2) a 5\u2010session tDCS group (5\u2010tDCS) that received 5 sessions of active tDCS followed by 15 sessions of sham tDCS; and (3) a 20\u2010session tDCS group (20\u2010tDCS) that received 20 sessions of active tDCS. All groups participated in the special school activity of Khon Kaen Special Education Center, Thailand. The primary outcome was autism severity as measured by the Childhood Autism Severity Scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 5\u2010tDCS and 20\u2010tDCS groups evidenced greater reductions in autism severity than the control group at days 5 and 14, and months 6 and 12. There were no significant differences in the outcome between the 5\u2010 and 20\u2010tDCS groups at any time point. Within\u2010group analysis showed clinically meaningful improvements starting at month 6 for the participants in the control group, and clinically meaningful improvements starting on day 5 in both active tDCS groups, all of which were maintained to month 12.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 5\u2010 and 20\u2010session tDCS seems to reduce autism severity faster than sham tDCS. These effects maintained at least for 1\u2009year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Twenty sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) were not superior to five sessions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Sham tDCS with a special school activity can reduce autism severity starting at 6\u2009months after treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The benefits observed for 5 and 20 sessions of tDCS last for at least 12\u2009months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T10:36:01Z","timestamp":1668681361000},"page":"811-820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Long\u2010term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Paradee","family":"Auvichayapat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Research Group of Thailand, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krittiya","family":"Intayot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Research Group of Thailand, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chavisa","family":"Udomchat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khon Kaen Special Education Center Region 9  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