{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:18:55Z","timestamp":1790302735166,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To summarize the literature on the prevalence of pediatric hearing loss in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review initially identified 2833 studies, of which 122 met the criteria for inclusion. Eighty\u2010six of those studies included diagnoses and were included in a meta\u2010analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The meta\u2010analysis indicated a 1% (95% confidence interval\u00a0=\u00a00.8\u20132.0) prevalence of childhood hearing loss across LMICs. There was significant heterogeneity between studies and evidence of publication bias. The prevalence of mild and moderate cases of hearing loss was higher than more severe cases and there were fewer cases of mixed hearing loss compared to conductive or sensorineural hearing loss. No differences were identified between the prevalence of unilateral versus bilateral hearing loss or hearing loss according to sex. The quality of the studies, age of participants, and location of data collection may have influenced the results. High variability in the reporting of etiology made the causes of hearing loss unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>The literature indicates that 1% of children in LMICs have hearing losses. However, most studies missed children with acquired hearing loss, which may lead to under\u2010reporting of global prevalence. This systematic review is an initial step toward developing and implementing population\u2010appropriate treatment and prevention programs for childhood hearing loss in LMICs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The prevalence of childhood hearing loss in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries is 1%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Reporting of hearing loss etiology was highly variable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T05:09:43Z","timestamp":1668748183000},"page":"600-610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Prevalence of hearing loss in children living in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries over the last 10\u2009years: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5366-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hillary V.","family":"Ganek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Madubueze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulfiqar A.","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health Aga Khan University  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"World Report on Hearing [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enn046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ent003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03005364000000019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enr028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.128728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb00277.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"348","article-title":"Paediatric hearing loss in rural Pakistan","volume":"27","author":"Elahi MM","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215108002235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Department for Management of NCDs, Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention (NVI)","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Year 2019 Position Statement: Principles and Guidelines for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs","volume":"4","author":"Joint Committee on Infant Hearing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Early Hear Detect Interv."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-011-0181-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/8.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.3.e43"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2021.1886350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2016.1276119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1557069X14Y.0000000048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020902803120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2020.1716087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00516-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2623"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2019.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"WHO Library Campbell Collaboration. 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