{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:14:52Z","timestamp":1780085692753,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS096207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS096207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)\u2010derived measures of primary motor cortex (M1) physiology between children with and without Tourette syndrome, and to dimensionally analyze TMS measures with Tourette syndrome\u2010related symptom severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used a cross\u2010sectional experimental design. Sixty 8\u2010 to 12\u2010year\u2010old children participated (30 with Tourette syndrome: three females, mean age 10\u2009years 10\u2009months, standard deviation [SD] 1 year 3 months; 30 typically developing children: seven females, mean age 10\u2009years 7\u2009months, SD 1 year 3 months). In the group with Tourette syndrome, 15 (one female, mean age 10\u2009years 11\u2009months, SD 1 year 3 months) had comorbid attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), rated with the Conners, Third Edition and the parent\u2010reported ADHD rating scales. Tic severity was rated with the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale and urge severity with the Individualized Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale. M1 short\u2010interval cortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation were compared between diagnostic groups and, within the group with Tourette syndrome, correlated with symptom severity using linear mixed\u2010effects models for repeated measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accounting for ADHD, we found no difference in SICI or intracortical facilitation in those with Tourette syndrome versus typically developing children (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.1). In the group with Tourette syndrome, reduced M1 SICI predicted greater total (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.012) and global (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002) tic severity. There were no associations with urge severity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.5).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reduced M1 SICI is robustly associated with increased tic, but not urge, severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Increased tic severity is associated with reduced motor cortex short\u2010interval cortical inhibition (SICI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Children with Tourette syndrome with increased urge severity also show increased tic severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>However, reduced motor cortex SICI is associated with tic, but not urge, severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T08:49:47Z","timestamp":1679302187000},"page":"1321-1331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Biomarkers of tic severity in children with Tourette syndrome: Motor cortex inhibition measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9395-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell A.","family":"Batschelett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research Kennedy Krieger Institute  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Huddleston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Cincinnati 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