{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:26:02Z","timestamp":1792167962682,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n To undertake a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis exploring school\u2010age neurodevelopmental outcomes of children after low\u2010grade intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method<\/jats:title>\n The published and grey literature was extensively searched to identify observational comparative studies exploring neurodevelopmental outcomes after IVH grades 1 and 2. Our primary outcome was neurodevelopmental impairment after 5\u2009years of age, which included cognitive, motor, speech and language, behavioural, hearing, or visual impairments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n This review included 12 studies and over 2036 infants born preterm with low grade IVH. Studies used 30 different neurodevelopmental tools to determine outcomes. There was conflicting evidence of the composite risk of neurodevelopmental impairment after low\u2010grade IVH. There was evidence of an association between low\u2010grade IVH and lower IQ at school age (\u22124.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] \u20137.53, \u22120.92,\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090%) but impact on school performance was unclear. Studies reported an increased crude risk of cerebral palsy after low\u2010grade IVH (odds ratio [OR] 2.92, 95% CI 1.95, 4.37,\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200941%). No increased risk of speech and language impairment or behavioural impairment was found. Few studies addressed hearing and visual impairment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n This systematic review presents evidence that low\u2010grade IVH is associated with specific neurodevelopmental impairments at school age, lending support to the theory that low\u2010grade IVH is not a benign condition.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n What this paper adds<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n The functional impact of low\u2010grade intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) at school age is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Low\u2010grade IVH is associated with a lower IQ at school age.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The risk of cerebral palsy is increased after low\u2010grade IVH.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Low\u2010grade IVH is not associated with speech and language impairment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n 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