{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:51:09Z","timestamp":1792155069547,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study if functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the peroneal nerve, which activates dorsiflexion, can improve body functions, activities, and participation and could be an effective alternative treatment in individuals with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (CP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A randomized cross\u2010over trial was performed in 25 children with unilateral spastic CP (classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I and II) aged 4 to 18\u2009years (median age at inclusion 9\u2009years 8\u2009months, interquartile range\u2009=\u20097\u2009years\u201313\u2009years 8\u2009months), 15 patients were male. The study consisted of two 12\u2010week blocks of treatment, that is, conventional treatment (ankle foot orthosis [AFO] or adapted shoes) and FES, separated by a 6\u2010week washout period. Outcome measures included the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS), the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life questionnaire, and a three\u2010dimensional gait analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen patients completed the trial. The proportion of GAS goals achieved was not significantly higher in the FES versus the conventional treatment phase (goal 1 <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.065; goal 2 <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.00). When walking while stimulated with FES, ankle dorsiflexion during mid\u2010swing decreased over time (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006, average decrease of 4.8\u00b0 with FES), with a preserved increased ankle range of motion compared to conventional treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, mean range of motion with FES +10.1\u00b0 compared to AFO). No changes were found in the standard physical examination or regarding satisfaction with orthoses and feelings about the ability to dress yourself. In four patients, FES therapy failed; in 12 patients FES therapy continued after the trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>FES is not significantly worse than AFO; however, patient selection is critical, and a testing period and thorough follow\u2010up are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T06:49:26Z","timestamp":1697093366000},"page":"598-609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Functional electrical stimulation during walking in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: A randomized cross\u2010over trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3908-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Moll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rik G. J.","family":"Marcellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine M.","family":"Fleuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel L. P.","family":"Coenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelante Center of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology  the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel H. J.","family":"Senden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J. B.","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucianne A. W. M.","family":"Speth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelante Center of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology  the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Adhiambo","family":"Witlox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Jeroen","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12865"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00848.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2001.00042.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-200212000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0043-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-327"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-020-1022-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Richtlijn Spastische cerebrale parese bij kinderen","author":"Revalidatieartsen N.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001577-199700930-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e31815f39c9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1594.2002.06946.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"International Classification of Functioning","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00550.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-03037-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25498"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","article-title":"Locomotor and robotic assistive gait training for children with cerebral palsy","author":"Pool D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental medicine and child neurology."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364613515493"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation\u2010assisted gait increases muscle strength and volume in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy","author":"Pool D","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental medicine and child neurology."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"803","article-title":"Feasibility and test\u2010retest reliability of measuring lowerlimb strength in young children with cerebral palsy","volume":"49","author":"Van Vulpen L","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13166"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12457"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; 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