{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:21:12Z","timestamp":1787671272062,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005614","name":"Biogen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the presenting features and outcomes in children with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis, and to evaluate whether scores at nadir for the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Clinical Assessment Scale for Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) or its paediatric\u2010specific modification (ped\u2010CASE) are predictive of outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational study included children younger than 18\u2009years of age with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis. Demographics and clinical data were collected. The mRS and CASE\/ped\u2010CASE scores were used to evaluate disease severity. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used for data analysis and to evaluate associations between scale scores and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty\u2010three children were included (39 [62%] females, median age 7\u2009years, interquartile range [IQR] 4\u2009years 1\u2009months\u201311\u2009years 6\u2009months), with follow\u2010up available for 56 out of 63 patients (median follow\u2010up 12.2\u2009months, IQR 13.4\u201317.8). The most frequent presenting neurological manifestation was encephalopathy (81%). Median CASE\/ped\u2010CASE and mRS scores at nadir were 12.0 (IQR 7.0\u201317.0) and 1.0 (IQR 0\u20132.0) respectively. Thirty\u2010three patients (59%) had persistent neurological deficits at follow\u2010up. Both scoring systems suggested good functional recovery (mRS score\u2009\u22642, 95%; CASE\/ped\u2010CASE score\u2009&lt;5, 91%). CASE\/ped\u2010CASE score was more likely than mRS to distinguish children with worse outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis are likely to have neurological deficits at follow\u2010up. CASE\/ped\u2010CASE is more likely to distinguish children with worse outcomes than MRS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Encephalopathy was the most common reason for presentation in children with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Children with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis are likely to have neurological deficits at follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The Clinical Assessment Scale for Autoimmune Encephalitis or its paeditric version at nadir was better at distinguishing children with poor outcomes than the Modified Rankin Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T02:38:11Z","timestamp":1710556691000},"page":"1310-1318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Clinical features and outcomes in children with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Jihan","family":"Madani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Yea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health Program SickKids Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areej","family":"Mahjoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Brna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology Dalhousie University IWK Health Center  Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Longoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam Nabavi","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital, London Health Science Center  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamer","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Saint John Regional Hospital  St. John New Brunswick Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy A.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Saint John Regional Hospital  St. John New Brunswick Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4853-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Wilbur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics University of Alberta  Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-7417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. 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