{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:41:31Z","timestamp":1790620891300,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To longitudinally evaluate the natural history of cerebral visual impairment (CVI) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and identify which early visual signs or symptoms are associated with cognitive visual disorders (CVDs) at school age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty\u2010one individuals with CP and CVI underwent an ophthalmological, oculomotor, and basic visual function evaluation at three time points: T0 (6\u201335\u2009months old); T1 (3\u20135\u2009years old); and T2 (\u22656\u2009years old). We also performed a cognitive visual evaluation at T2. Logistic regression fitted using a generalized estimation equation (binary) and cumulative link models (ordinal) were used to model the outcomes of interest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ophthalmological deficits were stable over time, except for ocular fundus abnormalities (T1\u2013T0,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.01; T2\u2013T1,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.02; T2\u2013T0,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.01) and strabismus, whose frequency increased with age (T2\u2013T0,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02 with T2\u2010T0,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.05). Conversely, fixation (T1\u2013T0, T2\u2013T0,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.01), smooth pursuit (T2\u2013T1, T2\u2013T0,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.01), saccades (T1\u2013T0, T2\u2013T1, T2\u2013T0,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.01), as well as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field (T1\u2013T0, T2\u2013T0,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.01) all improved over time. Early oculomotor dysfunction was associated with CVD at T2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although a diagnosis of CVI was confirmed in all children at each time point, several visual signs and symptoms improved over time; in some cases, they reached complete recovery at T1 and T2. These results emphasize the \u2018permanent\u2019 but \u2018not unchanging\u2019 nature of the CVI associated with CP during development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.16096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T15:09:47Z","timestamp":1727190587000},"page":"486-495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Natural history of cerebral visual impairment in children with cerebral palsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3347-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Galli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0090-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Loi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Calza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BDbiomed, BODaI Lab University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2313-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Micheletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Molinaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Franzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Semeraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia  Brescia Italy"},{"name":"Eye Clinic, University of Brescia  Brescia 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