{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:51:31Z","timestamp":1782258691277,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the incidence of developmental disorders (including cerebral palsy, attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder) and special educational needs provision and to explore associations with gestational age and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cumulative incidence of developmental disorders and special educational needs provision up to age 12\u2009years\/end of school year 7 respectively was explored using multivariable logistic regression in the Born in Bradford cohort, UK. Incidence rates of individual developmental disorders were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 13\u2009172 children included in the analysis cohort. Birth before full term was associated with increased odds of developmental disorder compared with birth at full term: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for those born before 34\u2009weeks 2.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58\u20133.12); 34 to 36 weeks aOR 1.43 (95% CI 1.12\u20131.81); 37 to 38 weeks aOR 1.18 (95% CI 1.03\u20131.34). Effect sizes were larger among Pakistani heritage children: aOR for those born before 34\u2009weeks 2.59 (95% CI 1.55\u20134.33); 34 to 36\u2009weeks aOR 1.57 (95% CI 1.08\u20132.27); 37 to 38\u2009weeks aOR 1.29 (95% CI 1.06\u20131.56). Unadjusted incidence rates of developmental disorders varied with ethnicity; compared with Pakistani heritage children, White British children had higher rates (per 1000 person\u2010years) of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (1.8, 95% CI 1.5\u20132.1 vs. 0.3, 95% CI 0.2\u20130.4), and lower incidences of learning disabilities (0.7, 95% CI 0.5\u20131.0 vs. 1.6, 95% CI 1.4\u20131.9).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Irrespective of ethnicity, children born before full term are at increased risk of developmental disorders and\/or special educational needs.<\/jats:p>\n                  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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy &amp; Rehabilitation Kings College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-075630","article-title":"Neurological development in children born moderately or late preterm: national cohort 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