{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:55:53Z","timestamp":1786118153420,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate life expectancies for individuals with open spina bifida, stratified by age, sex, functional ability, and specific impairments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present study, extensive data from 1659 persons in California (1986\u20132019) were analysed using standard methods. Empirical mortality rates were calculated, and rates were also derived for various cohorts using logistic regression. Life tables were then constructed, from which life expectancies were obtained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Survival varied significantly by ambulatory and feeding ability, and by bowel\/bladder continence. For example, at age 5\u2009years the life expectancy was 27 additional years for males in the most severely impaired group and 65\u2009years in the least severely impaired, compared with 70 in the general population. There was a modest secular trend\u2014mortality decreasing by roughly 1% per year\u2014which is accounted for in the life expectancy calculations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Life expectancy in open spina bifida varies by age, sex, severity of disability, and bowel\/bladder continence. Survival has improved over the past 30\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.70185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T08:01:39Z","timestamp":1770796899000},"page":"1253-1260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Life expectancy in open spina bifida"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5601-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M.","family":"Shavelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Expectancy Project  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2827-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Paige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Expectancy Project  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan C.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Expectancy Project  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Expectancy Project  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Spina bifida and hydrocephalus: a population study over a 35\u2010year period","volume":"44","author":"Bamforth SJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000056005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00371.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/IJDHD.2008.7.1.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003356"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7403.1365"},{"issue":"493","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"632","article-title":"Long\u2010term outcome in open spina bifida","volume":"53","author":"Oakeshott P","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108749.2009.03543.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild\u20102011\u2010300624"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311\u2010010\u20100191\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00086.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"with revisions through 2015","author":"Client Development Evaluation Report (CDER)","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Estimation of future mortality rates and life expectancy in chronic medical conditions","volume":"37","author":"Strauss DJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Insurance Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"AriasE XuJQ.United States life tables 2019. 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