{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:37:08Z","timestamp":1792165028397,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide a broad overview of the diagnostic spectrum of vertigo and dizziness syndromes in children and adolescents, to characterize distinct clinical and instrument\u2010based findings, and to propose a reasonable diagnostic approach for the \u2018dizzy child\u2019, as the underlying causes differ from those in adults and may considerably affect daily living and social activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective observational cohort study analysed principal disorders that caused vertigo or dizziness in 519 children\/adolescents for their demographics, clinical presentation, and diagnostic findings. The main characteristics of distinct disorders were analysed by machine learning techniques to develop a practical diagnostic algorithm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vestibular migraine was the most frequent diagnosis (41%), followed by functional dizziness (18%), recurrent vertigo of childhood (10%), orthostatic dizziness (6%), and episodic ataxia (3%). Furthermore, 23% of children\/adolescents had a rare disorder, for example brain tumours, genetic\/congenital disorders, or infections. Children younger than 11\u00a0years more commonly had recurrent vertigo of childhood and adolescents from vestibular migraine of childhood. Functional dizziness showed distinct characteristics and a high impact on daily living that differed from those in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The diagnostic spectrum of vertigo and dizziness in childhood and adolescence is broad and must be clearly differentiated from known clinical presentation and causes in adults. Especially in young children, clinical presentation may be similar in different vestibular syndromes, but distinct clinical and neuro\u2010ophthalmological findings can lead to the correct diagnosis and avoid broad and unnecessary diagnostic procedures (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.70506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:22:26Z","timestamp":1789532546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vertigo and dizziness syndromes in children and adolescents: Clinical presentation and diagnostic pathway"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Doreen","family":"Huppert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), LMU University Hospital Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Strobl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometrics and Epidemiology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Zwergal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), LMU University Hospital Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3872-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Heinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurology, 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"N\u00e4her","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), LMU University Hospital Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Huppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), LMU University Hospital Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2649-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipp M.","family":"Filippopulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), LMU University Hospital Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital 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