{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:45:22Z","timestamp":1792039522988,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016911","name":"ReproUnion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NYPS 20200407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NYPS 20200407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether maternal deficiency of vitamin D in early pregnancy increases the risk of cerebral palsy (CP) in offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This registry and biobank\u2010based case\u2013control study consisted of mother\u2013child pairs from Scania, Sweden. Cases (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009322) were identified from a nationwide CP\u2010register born between 1995 and 2014. Random population controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009343) and preterm controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009258) were identified from a birth registry. Serum samples taken during pregnancy were obtained from a biobank and 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations were categorized into three groups: sufficient (\u2265\u200975\u2009nmol\/L), insufficient (50\u201374.9\u2009nmol\/L), and deficient (&lt;\u200950\u2009nmol\/L). Logistic regression was used to investigate associations between 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations and CP. Separate analyses were completed among children born preterm and at term, as well as for subtypes of CP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Deficiency of 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      was not associated with a significantly higher risk of CP compared with sufficient values in the studied groups of all children (odds ratio [OR]: 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86\u20132.10), children born at term (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 0.89\u20132.44), and children born preterm (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.37\u20131.46).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No apparent association between 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      and CP was observed; however, the relatively small sample size and reliance on a single vitamin D measurement may have limited the detection of modest effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.70573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:56:33Z","timestamp":1792036593000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy and the risk of developing cerebral palsy: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2553-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebba","family":"Bergman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8288-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Rylander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7435-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Lindh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4908-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Thacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.70149","article-title":"Updated description of cerebral palsy","volume":"68","author":"Dan B","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"CPUP.\u00c5rsrapport 2024 (Verksamhets\u00e5r 2023).2024."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Cerebral Palsy: An Overview","volume":"101","author":"Vitrikas K","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.624884","article-title":"Trends in Prevalence and Severity of Pre\/Perinatal Cerebral Palsy Among Children Born Preterm From 2004 to 2010: A SCPE Collaboration Study","volume":"12","author":"Arnaud C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15846","article-title":"Risk factors for cerebral palsy in children in Taiwan","volume":"66","author":"Chen Y","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.0945","article-title":"Association Between Maternal Body Mass Index in Early Pregnancy and Incidence of Cerebral Palsy","volume":"317","author":"Villamor E","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0278","article-title":"Cerebral palsy in a term population: risk factors and neuroimaging findings","volume":"118","author":"Wu YW","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349709024363","article-title":"Preterm birth and cerebral palsy. Predictive value of pregnancy complications, mode of delivery, and Apgar scores","volume":"76","author":"Topp M","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12430","article-title":"Risk of cerebral palsy in relation to pregnancy disorders and preterm birth: a national cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Tr\u00f8nnes H","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.05.003","article-title":"Regulation of vitamin D metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Henry HL","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997s","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27230D","article-title":"Existing and potentially novel functional markers of vitamin D status: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Seamans KM","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2012.07.001","article-title":"Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin D and neuropsychiatric disease","volume":"34","author":"Eyles DW","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006","article-title":"Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha\u2010hydroxylase in human brain","volume":"29","author":"Eyles DW","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061618","article-title":"Role of Vitamin D Beyond the Skeletal Function: A Review of the Molecular and Clinical Studies","volume":"19","author":"Umar M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70294-1","article-title":"Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances","volume":"8","author":"Volpe JJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010086","article-title":"The Association between Vitamin D Status and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wang Z","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.021","article-title":"Maternal Vitamin D Levels and the Risk of Offspring Attention\u2010Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"60","author":"Sucksdorff M","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf168","article-title":"Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Women: Systematic Review and Meta\u2010analysis","volume":"84","author":"Crist\u00f3falo MM","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.1060","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India","volume":"81","author":"Sachan A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000641","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: an overview","volume":"32","author":"P\u00e9rez\u2010L\u00f3pez FR","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.113959","article-title":"Exposure to Paracetamol in Early Pregnancy and the Risk of Developing Cerebral Palsy: A Case\u2010Control Study Using Serum Samples","volume":"269","author":"Thacher JD","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00947-5","article-title":"The Swedish medical birth register during five decades: documentation of the content and quality of the register","volume":"38","author":"Cnattingius S","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-00987-5","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D levels and male reproductive health: a population\u2010based follow\u2010up study","volume":"38","author":"Gaml\u2010S\u00f8rensen A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34688","article-title":"Cotinine concentrations in maternal serum and amniotic fluid during pregnancy and risk of testicular germ cell cancer in the offspring: A prospective nested case\u2010control study","volume":"154","author":"Beck AL","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick MF","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"BMI Classification Percentile And Cut Off Points. StatPearls","author":"Weir CB","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207221","article-title":"Association between paternal smoking at the time of pregnancy and the semen quality in sons","volume":"13","author":"Axelsson J","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1678S","article-title":"Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"80","author":"Holick MF","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281234","article-title":"Maternal serum vitamin D level in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia: A case\u2010control study in Southern Sweden","volume":"18","author":"Malm G","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.09.012","article-title":"Vitamin D and DBP: the free hormone hypothesis revisited","volume":"144","author":"Chun RF","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol."}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.70573","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dmcn.70573","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.70573","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:56:42Z","timestamp":1792036602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dmcn.70573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dmcn.70573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.70573","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1622","1469-8749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1622","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"dmcn.70573"}}