{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:49:10Z","timestamp":1791650950927,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Bilateral reduction or absence of upper\u2010limb movement in a newborn infant is a rare but critical presentation that cannot be anchored on the unilateral paradigm of brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI). Bilaterality substantially widens the differential to include cervical spinal cord injury, neuromuscular disorders, and non\u2010neurological movement limitation; thus, default attribution to bilateral BPBI risks missing a serious central pathology. No standardized terminology or investigation framework currently addresses this phenotype. This review introduces bilateral upper\u2010limb palsy of the newborn infant (BULPN) and proposes a three\u2010category taxonomy separating \u2018true BULPN\u2019 (bilateral plexus\u2010level palsy at birth) from mimics and acquired (postnatal\u2010onset) palsy. True BULPN is most consistently reported in breech delivery and it is frequently asymmetric; published cohorts describe a high burden of concurrent phrenic nerve palsy. A localization\u2010first diagnostic algorithm and time\u2010anchored, severity\u2010stratified management pathways are presented to support safer and more targeted clinical assessment and management, and reduce the risk of misdiagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.70575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:55:21Z","timestamp":1791647721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bilateral upper\u2010limb palsy of the newborn infant: Taxonomy, differential diagnosis, and clinical pathways"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7118-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yegee","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangmyung","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanwal","family":"Yousaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2446-1106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangeline","family":"Wassmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Jester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust  Birmingham 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