{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:47:57Z","timestamp":1792039677668,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n To report on changes to the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) proforma that facilitate the recording of neurological findings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method<\/jats:title>\n We first identified items that would benefit from more detail in the way they were presented on the proforma to aid correct administration and scoring. We then introduced additional details without changing the scoring system. These changes were piloted in infants with and without neurological concerns to find out whether examiners found the changes confusing or if the changes made might affect the original scoring system.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Eight of the 26 items in the main section of the HINE were identified for possible change: three items in the tone section, two in the reflexes and reactions section, and three in the posture section. For these items, more detail was added to the recording options within each column, without altering the main structure of the proforma or the scoring system. Users did not find the additions an extra burden; they felt that the more detailed options facilitated accuracy in recording observations and that the scoring of the proforma was not affected.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n Small changes made to the HINE proforma facilitate more accuracy in recording detail in the examination, particularly with regard to tone and posture, without changing the established scoring system. This should facilitate the recording of more subtle changes that reflect typical development or may occur in response to possible intervention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.70577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:26:12Z","timestamp":1792038372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Refining the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination proforma to facilitate the recording of neurological findings"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9851-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"Mercuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Haataja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Services and Research for the Prevention of Blindness and Rehabilitation of Low Vision Patients\u2010IAPB Italia Onlus Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico M.","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7837-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy"},{"name":"National Centre of Services and Research for the Prevention of Blindness and Rehabilitation of Low Vision Patients\u2010IAPB Italia Onlus Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Imperial College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70016-8","article-title":"Optimality score for the neurologic examination of the infant at 12 and 18 months of age","volume":"135","author":"Haataja L","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70279-3","article-title":"An optimality score for the neurologic examination of the term newborn","volume":"133","author":"Dubowitz L","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"The Neurological Assessment of the Preterm & Full\u2010term Newborn Infant","author":"Dubowitz L","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00393-7","article-title":"Application of a scorable neurologic examination in healthy term infants aged 3 to 8 months","volume":"143","author":"Haataja L","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738241282722","article-title":"Hammersmith Neonatal and Infant Neurological Examinations Scores in Typically Developing Infants Aged 1\u20106 Months","volume":"40","author":"Skorup JC","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15201","article-title":"Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in low\u2010risk infants born very preterm: a longitudinal prospective study","volume":"64","author":"Romeo DM","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.01.032","article-title":"Reference Material for Hammersmith Infant Neurologic Examination Scores Based on Healthy, Term Infants Age 3\u20107 Months","volume":"244","author":"Ljungblad UW","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1344579","article-title":"Partnering Early to Provide for Infants At Risk of Cerebral Palsy (PEPI ARC): protocol for a feasibility study of a regional hub for early detection of cerebral palsy in Aotearoa New Zealand","volume":"12","author":"Allermo Fletcher A","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","article-title":"Longitudinal Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) Trajectories in Children with Cerebral Palsy Identified in High\u2010Risk Follow\u2010Up","author":"Burton VJ","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14730","article-title":"Clinical tools used in young infants born very preterm to predict motor and cognitive delay (not cerebral palsy): a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Caesar R","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2018.02.013","article-title":"Neurological outcome at 6 and 12 months corrected age in hospitalised late preterm infants \u2010a prospective study","volume":"22","author":"Chatziioannidis I","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102047","article-title":"Risdiplam\u2010Treated Infants with Type 1 Spinal Muscular Atrophy versus Historical Controls","volume":"385","author":"Darras BT","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029488","article-title":"Accuracy of the Hammersmith infant neurological examination for the early detection of neurological changes in infants exposed to Zika virus: A case\u2010cohort study","volume":"101","author":"Souza TG","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00100-0","article-title":"Treatment of infantile\u2010onset spinal muscular atrophy with nusinersen: final report of a phase 2, open\u2010label, multicentre, dose\u2010escalation study","volume":"5","author":"Finkel RS","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.12.056","article-title":"Associations Between Early Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, and General Movements Assessment in Infants Born Very Preterm","volume":"232","author":"Harpster K","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106226","article-title":"The predictive validity of HINE, Bayley, general movements and MOS\u2010R in infancy","volume":"203","author":"Jackman M","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1638584","article-title":"Predicting cerebral palsy and 18\u2010month neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with presumed hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: role of general movements assessment and early neurological examination","volume":"13","author":"Kali GTJ","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","article-title":"Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy Using Standardized Screening Assessments in Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Pilot Case Series","author":"Kerner\u2010Rossi M","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00251-9","article-title":"Onasemnogene abeparvovec gene therapy for symptomatic infantile\u2010onset spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (STR1VE\u2010EU): an open\u2010label, single\u2010arm, multicentre, phase 3 trial","volume":"20","author":"Mercuri E","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.16277","article-title":"General Movements Assessment and Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination for early diagnosis of cerebral palsy in infants born at term treated with therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"67","author":"Moss SN","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04220-w","article-title":"Early neurological and motor function in infants born moderate to late preterm or small for gestational age at term: a prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Paulsen H","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214423","article-title":"Infant neurological examination from 3 to 12 months: predictive value of the single items","volume":"39","author":"Pizzardi A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Early Neurological Assessment in Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Treated with Therapeutic Hypothermia","author":"Romeo DM","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2007.05.006","article-title":"Neuromotor development in infants with cerebral palsy investigated by the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination during the first year of age","volume":"12","author":"Romeo DM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15191","article-title":"Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants born at term: Predicting outcomes other than cerebral palsy","volume":"64","author":"Romeo DM","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2007.07.008","article-title":"Early neurologic assessment in preterm\u2010infants: integration of traditional neurologic examination and observation of general movements","volume":"12","author":"Romeo DM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106266","article-title":"Perinatal asphyxia with no or mild hypoxic\u2010ischaemic encephalopathy: Two\u2010year neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"205","author":"Tuiskula A","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14873","article-title":"Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination and long\u2010term cognitive outcome in children born very preterm","volume":"63","author":"Uusitalo K","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.0878","article-title":"Early Intervention for Children Aged 0 to 2\u2009Years With or at High Risk of Cerebral Palsy: International Clinical Practice Guideline Based on Systematic Reviews","volume":"175","author":"Morgan C","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1179\/027249302125002029","article-title":"A new approach for neurological evaluation of infants in resource\u2010poor settings","volume":"22","author":"Haataja L","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.2000.11748154","article-title":"Neonatal neurological testing in resource\u2010poor settings","volume":"20","author":"McGready R","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.119626","article-title":"Prognostic value of the neurologic optimality score at 9 and 18 months in preterm infants born before 31\u2009weeks' gestation","volume":"140","author":"Frisone MF","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973465","article-title":"Neonatal neurological examination in infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: correlation with MRI findings","volume":"30","author":"Mercuri E","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924333","article-title":"Sequential neurological examinations in infants with neonatal encephalopathy and low apgar scores: relationship with brain MRI","volume":"37","author":"Ricci D","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.70577","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dmcn.70577","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dmcn.70577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:26:16Z","timestamp":1792038376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dmcn.70577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dmcn.70577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.70577","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1622","1469-8749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1622","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"dmcn.70577"}}