{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:22:53Z","timestamp":1791238973480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]],"date-time":"2013-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Type\u00a01 diabetes involves the specific destruction of the pancreatic islet \u03b2\u2010cells, eventually resulting in a complete dependency of exogenous insulin. The clinical onset of diabetes is preceded by the appearance of autoantibodies against \u03b2\u2010cell antigens. The human leukocyte antigen (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) region is the single most important genetic determinant of Type\u00a01 diabetes susceptibility, yet variability in the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    region has been estimated to explain only approximately 60% of the genetic influence of the disease. Over 50 identified non\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    genetic polymorphisms support the notion that genetics alone cannot explain Type\u00a01 diabetes. Several lines of evidence indicate that environmental triggers may be integral in inducing the onset of islet autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals. The association between environmental factors and the clinical onset is complicated by observation that the rate of progression to clinical onset may be affected by environmental determinants. Hence, the environment may be aetiological as well as pathogenic. Putative inductive mechanisms include viral, microbial, diet\u2010related, anthropometric and psychosocial factors. Ongoing observational cohort studies such as The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TEDDY<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) study aim to ascertain environmental determinants that may trigger islet autoimmunity and either speed up or slow down the progression to clinical onset in subjects with persistent islet autoimmunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]],"date-time":"2012-12-18T16:40:57Z","timestamp":1355848857000},"page":"155-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["The environment and the origins of islet autoimmunity and Type\u00a01 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Eringsmark Regn\u00e9ll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University\/CRC Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital SUS Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5.","family":"Lernmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University\/CRC Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital SUS Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-75741-9_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007799"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.10.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0967-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199603)13:3<209::AID-DIA39>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1331"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0808284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1205-1300"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S52"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0522"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.6.652"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8220-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07336"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.128579"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.6.1053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.6.912"},{"issue":"276","key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540080031025","article-title":"Lack of association between early exposure to cow's milk protein and beta\u2010cell autoimmunity. 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