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This article reviews prevention studies undertaken either prior to any evidence of autoimmunity (primary prevention) or after the development of islet autoantibodies (secondary prevention). Most immune intervention studies have been conducted in recent\u2010onset type 1 diabetes (tertiary prevention), and these are not reviewed herein. The goal of primary and secondary intervention is to arrest the immune process and thus prevent or delay clinical disease. Primary prevention studies have been conducted in infants with high genetic risk. Interventions tested include several dietary manipulations, including infant formulas free of either cow's milk or of bovine insulin, infant formula supplemented with the omega\u20103\u2010fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, delayed introduction of gluten\u2010containing foods, and vitamin D supplementation. Secondary prevention studies have been conducted in both children and adults with diabetes autoantibodies. Interventions tested include nicotinamide, insulin injections, oral insulin, nasal insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and cyclosporine. Underway are secondary prevention studies with teplizumab and with abatacept.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]],"date-time":"2012-12-13T14:52:54Z","timestamp":1355410374000},"page":"161-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Primary and secondary prevention of Type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"J. 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