{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:07:13Z","timestamp":1767834433853,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]],"date-time":"2013-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether living alone was associated with the presence of undiagnosed diabetes and whether this association could be attenuated by modifiable lifestyle habits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included 6400 Japanese men without a history of diagnosed diabetes. Individuals with currently undiagnosed diabetes were identified through fasting glucose concentration \u22657.0\u00a0mmol\/l or HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> concentration \u2265 48\u00a0mmol\u2044mol (\u2265 6.5%). Effect modification was examined using body mass index, hypertension, history of dyslipidaemia, drinking habits, smoking habits, physical activity, vegetable intake, emotional stress and depressed mood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Men who lived alone (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>1098) had a significantly elevated odds ratio for having undiagnosed diabetes in an age\u2010adjusted model (odds ratio 1.45, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.07, 1.96; <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.018). After adjustment for lifestyle factors, the association was slightly attenuated (odds ratio 1.40, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.02, 1.91; <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.036). After further adjustment for all factors mentioned above, living alone was still marginally significantly associated with the presence of undiagnosed diabetes (odds ratio 1.38, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.003, 1.90; <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.048). A significant association of living alone with the presence of undetected diabetes was particularly observed among men who were overweight, currently smoked and were physically inactive, or had any one of those three factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between undiagnosed diabetes and living alone can be partially influenced by modifiable lifestyle factors. Men who lived alone, especially those who did not engage in favourable lifestyle habits, were more likely to have undiagnosed diabetes. Such individuals have a higher probability of having undetected diabetic hyperglycaemia and would need to undergo glucose tests to identify the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,12]],"date-time":"2013-06-12T07:10:50Z","timestamp":1371021050000},"page":"1355-1359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association of living alone with the presence of undiagnosed diabetes in Japanese men: the role of modifiable risk factors for diabetes: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 13 (TOPICS 13)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Heianza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Niigata University Faculty of Medicine Niigata"},{"name":"Health Management Center Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine Ibaraki"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Arase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"},{"name":"Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Niigata University Faculty of Medicine Niigata"},{"name":"Health Management Center Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. D.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"},{"name":"Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"},{"name":"Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Niigata University Faculty of Medicine Niigata"},{"name":"Health Management Center Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"},{"name":"Center for Medical Sciences Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Shimano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine Ibaraki"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"},{"name":"Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Sone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Niigata University Faculty of Medicine Niigata"},{"name":"Health Management Center Toranomon Hospital Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes 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